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Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Jan 2013The study investigated the ultrasonographic appearance of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinking syndrome.
BACKGROUND
The study investigated the ultrasonographic appearance of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinking syndrome.
METHODS
In ten milk-fed calves with ruminal drinking syndrome the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum were examined by ultrasonography using a 5-MHz linear transducer before, during and after the ingestion of milk.
RESULTS
The reticulum could be imaged in eight of ten calves before feeding. The reticular wall appeared as an echoic line, similar to mature cattle, and reticular folds were seen in eight calves. The reticular content appeared as echoic heterogeneous fluid. Reticular contractions were biphasic with 1.0 ± 0.38 contractions per minute. The rumen had a mean wall thickness of 2.1 mm dorsally, 3.5 mm at the level of the longitudinal groove, and 3.2 mm ventrally. The ventral sac of the rumen of all calves contained echoic heterogeneous liquid. During feeding the milk entering the rumen could be seen as hyperechoic liquid in five calves. The omasum was seen on the right side as a crescent-shaped line medial to the liver in seven calves. Only the omasal wall closest to the transducer was seen as an echoic line with a mean thickness of 2.7 mm. The ultrasonographic appearance of the omasum did not change during or after feeding. The abomasum was seen immediately caudal to the xyphoid on both sides of the midline before feeding. The mean length at the ventral midline was 22.2 cm. The ingesta were heterogeneous in all calves and the abomasal folds were distinct in eight. The mean lateral expansion of the abomasum from the ventral midline to the left and right varied from 8.7 to 13.8 cm and from 4.3 to 11.3 cm. The milk entering the abomasum was observed in all calves, and signs of milk clotting were seen in all calves 15 minutes after feeding.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that ultrasonography is useful for detecting milk in the reticulum and rumen of calves with ruminal drinking syndrome.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Milk; Stomach, Ruminant; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 23298472
DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-1 -
Translational Animal Science Apr 2020Animals have precise recognition systems for amino acids and peptides that regulate their feeding behavior as well as metabolic responses. Because of their particular...
Animals have precise recognition systems for amino acids and peptides that regulate their feeding behavior as well as metabolic responses. Because of their particular gastrointestinal structure, ruminants are expected to have unique mechanisms of amino acid regulation in the digestive tract. To better understand these mechanisms in the ruminant digestive tract, the expression of and was studied along the gastrointestinal tract of Japanese Black cattle through quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. mRNA was detected ubiquitously along the gastrointestinal tract, and the most predominant expression was observed in the reticulum. In addition, the presence of Tas1r3 receptor was confirmed in the rumen through immunohistochemistry. The expression level of mRNA was higher in the forestomach (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) and small intestine (duodenum) than that in the tongue, and predominant expression was observed in the rumen. By contrast, a negligible amount of mRNA was detected in the abomasum and large intestine. Further studies on the roles of and in the digestive tract, in particular, in the four components of the stomach, will help us to understand the mechanisms of amino acids regulation in ruminants and provide the basis for formulating cattle diets to improve the health and productivity of cattle.
PubMed: 32705019
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa019 -
Journal of Animal Science Oct 2019Ractopamine hydrochloride is a commercial beta-adrenergic agonist commonly used as a dietary supplement in cattle production for improved feed efficiency and growth...
Ractopamine hydrochloride is a commercial beta-adrenergic agonist commonly used as a dietary supplement in cattle production for improved feed efficiency and growth promotion. Currently, regulatory target tissues (as approved in the New Animal Drug Application with Food and Drug Administration) for ractopamine residue testing are muscle and liver. However, other tissues have recently been subjected to testing in some export markets for U.S. beef, a clear disregard for scientific maximum residue limits associated with specific tissues. The overall goal of this study was to develop and validate an LC-MS/MS assay to determine whether detectable and quantifiable levels of ractopamine in digestive tract-derived edible offal items (i.e., abomasum, omasum, small intestine, and reticulum) of cattle resulted from tissue residues or residual ingesta contamination of exposed surfaces of tissues (rinsates). Tissue samples and corresponding rinsates from 10 animals were analyzed for parent and total ractopamine (tissue samples only). The lower limit of quantitation was between 0.03 and 0.66 ppb depending on the tissue type, and all tissue and rinsate samples tested had quantifiable concentrations of ractopamine. The highest concentrations of tissue-specific ractopamine metabolism (represented by higher total vs. parent ractopamine levels) were observed in liver and small intestine. Contamination from residual ingesta (represented by detectable ractopamine in rinsate samples) was only detected in small intestine, with a measured mean concentration of 19.72 ppb (±12.24 ppb). Taken together, these results underscore the importance of the production process and suggest that improvements may be needed to reduce the likelihood of contamination from residual ractopamine in digestive tract-derived edible offal tissues for market.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Cattle; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Residues; Gastrointestinal Tract; Liver; Muscles; Phenethylamines; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 31410462
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz263 -
Journal of Animal Science Jun 2018The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary CP contents on 1) total and partial nutrient digestion and nitrogen balance and 2) on...
Dietary protein reduction on microbial protein, amino acids digestibility, and body retention in beef cattle. I. Digestibility sites and ruminal synthesis estimated by purine bases and 15N as markers.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary CP contents on 1) total and partial nutrient digestion and nitrogen balance and 2) on microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis and true MCP digestibility in the small intestine obtained with 15N and purine bases (PB) in beef cattle. Eight bulls (4 Nellore and 4 Crossbred Angus × Nellore) cannulated in the rumen and ileum were distributed in duplicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. The diets consisted of increasing CP contents: 100, 120, or 140 g CP/kg DM offered ad libitum, and restricted intake (RI) diet with 120 g CP/kg DM. The experiment lasted four 17-d periods, with 10 d for adaptation to diets and another 7 for data collection. Omasal digesta flow was obtained using Co-EDTA and indigestible NDF (iNDF) as markers, and to estimate ileal digesta flow only iNDF was used. From days 11 to 17 of each experimental period, ruminal infusions of Co-EDTA (5.0 g/d) and 15N (7.03 g of ammonium sulfate enriched with 10% of 15N atoms) were performed. There was no effect of CP contents (linear effect, P = 0.55 and quadratic effect, P = 0.11) on ruminal OM digestibility. Intake of CP linearly increased (P < 0.01) with greater dietary CP. The NH3-N (P < 0.01) and urinary N excretion (P < 0.01) increased in response to dietary CP, whereas retained N increased linearly (P = 0.03). Liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) in the omasum had greater N content (P < 0.05) in relation to the particle-associated bacteria (PAB). There was no difference between LAB and PAB (P = 0.12) for 15N:14N ratio. The 15N:14N ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in RI animals in relation to those fed at voluntary intake. Microbial CP had a quadratic tendency (P = 0.09) in response to CP increase. Microbial efficiency (expressed in relation to apparent ruminally degradable OM and true ruminally degradable OM) had a quadratic tendency (P = 0.07 and P = 0.08, respectively) to CP increasing and was numerically greatest at 120 g CP/kg DM. The adjusted equations for estimating true intestinal digestibility of MCP (Y1) and total CP (Y2) were, respectively, as follows: Y1 =--16.724(SEM = 40.06) + 0.86X(SEM = 0.05) and Y2 = -43.81(SEM = 49.19) + 0.75X(SEM = 0.05). It was concluded that diets with 120 g/kg of CP optimize the microbial synthesis and efficiency and ruminal ash and protein NDF digestibility, resulting in a better use of N compounds in the rumen. The PB technique can be used as an alternative to the 15N to estimate microbial synthesis.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Ileum; Male; Nitrogen; Purines; Rumen
PubMed: 29668924
DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky134 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2005Objectives were to quantify the ruminal effects and flows to the omasum of Met provided as 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB), the isopropyl ester of HMB...
Objectives were to quantify the ruminal effects and flows to the omasum of Met provided as 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB), the isopropyl ester of HMB (HMBi), and DL-Met. Eight ruminally cannulated cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments were 1) no Met (control), 2) HMB at 0.10% of DM, 3) HMBi at 0.13% of DM, and 4) DL-Met at 0.088% of DM. Diets were identical except for type of Met supplement and were based on corn silage and alfalfa hay at 30 and 13% of dietary DM, respectively. Samples of omasal fluid were used to determine the proportion of Met supplements passing out of the reticulorumen. Dry matter intake (20.1 kg/d) was restricted during the week of sampling to a maximum of 95% of ad libitum DMI determined during the first 2 wk of the period. Milk yields (37.7 +/- 0.8 kg/d) and fat concentration (3.42 +/- 0.15%) were not significantly different for control, HMB, HMBi, and DL-Met. Milk protein concentration (2.91, 2.95, 3.02, 2.96 +/- 0.07%, respectively) was significantly increased by the HMBi treatment. Rumen volatile fatty acids profile and NH3 concentrations were similar across treatments. Apparent ruminal digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were higher for the three diets supplemented with Met sources than for the control diet. In situ rate of digestibility of CP from alfalfa hay, TMR, and corn silage was affected by Met sources. Passage rates of small particles (0.071/h) and fluid (0.167/h) were not affected by treatments. Protozoal counts in the rumen and omasum were not significantly affected by Met sources. Proportion of omasal N from bacterial N was not different (0.54 +/- 0.03), and bacterial N flow (305 +/- 24.4 g/d) was similar across treatments. The proportion of HMB that passed into the omasum was 5.3 +/- 1.5% of the amount consumed. Only a small amount (2.3%) of HMBi was found as HMB in the omasum. These results indicate that little HMB escapes ruminal degradation through passage to the omasum and that the site of HMBi absorption must be preomasal.
Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Lactation; Methionine; Nitrogen; Omasum; Rumen
PubMed: 15591385
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72680-1 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2021The reticulum and rumen are considered a single functional unit (the reticulo-rumen) with regards to myoelectrical and contractile activities. The specialized...
The reticulum and rumen are considered a single functional unit (the reticulo-rumen) with regards to myoelectrical and contractile activities. The specialized contractions of the reticulo-rumen provide constant mixing of partially digested material (cycle A), its flow into the omasum during eructation (cycle B), and regurgitation-rumination (cycle C). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of electromyography (EMG) registered by a long-term telemetry method for assessment of the basic reticulo-rumen myoelectrical activity in sheep, to develop the effective recognition of the reticulo-rumen cycles at rest with no food stimulation, and to investigate the relationship between cycles A, B, and C in such basic conditions. The experiment was carried out on nine ewes. Myoelectric activity of the rumen, reticulum, and abomasum was recorded by the combination of three silver bipolar electrodes and a 3-channel transmitter implant. The myoelectrical activity registered successfully in the reticulum and rumen was determined as three characteristic patterns of cycles A, B, and C. The percentage of each type of cycle changed at different intervals from equally cycles A (43-50%) and B (50-56%), occurring when cycle C was not observed to the domination of cycle C (57-73%) with a decrease of cycles A (6-14%) and B (20-28%). The long-term EMG telemetry registration is feasible in the assessment of the reticulo-rumen myoelectrical activity in sheep.
PubMed: 33917991
DOI: 10.3390/ani11041052 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Jun 2021This study was aimed to determine the effect of advanced pregnancy on the topography and size of the omasum in 22 healthy Murrah buffaloes. The omasum was scanned 15-20...
This study was aimed to determine the effect of advanced pregnancy on the topography and size of the omasum in 22 healthy Murrah buffaloes. The omasum was scanned 15-20 days before and after parturition, as per the standard procedure. The dorsal and ventral margins of the omasum were identified and marked at each intercostal space (ICS). The dorsal and ventral limits up to the dorsal midline were measured. The omasum was scanned in 6th to 11th ICS during advanced pregnancy and 7th to 11th ICS after the parturition. Irrespective of the pregnancy, the dorsal and ventral margins of the omasum were located farther dorsal and close to the spine in the 6th, 7th and 11th ICS. Except in one buffalo, the omasum was scanned in four consecutive ICS during the advanced pregnancy. After parturition the omasum was scanned in four and five consecutive ICS in 17 and five buffaloes, respectively. The mean dorsal and ventral limits of the omasum increased significantly (P .
Topics: Animals; Buffaloes; Female; Lactation; Omasum; Parturition; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34097635
DOI: 10.17236/sat00305 -
Journal of Veterinary Science 2014Here we report the detection and distribution of synaptophysin (SPY), non-neuronal enolase (NNE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (VIM), neuropeptide Y...
Here we report the detection and distribution of synaptophysin (SPY), non-neuronal enolase (NNE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (VIM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression in the goat forestomach during prenatal development. A total of 140 embryos and fetuses were examined to evaluate protein expression from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. In all cases, SPY immunoreactivity was detected at 53 days gestation in the lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis, serosa, and myenteric plexuses. Immunoreactivity to NNE was observed at 64 days gestation in the same locations as well as the epithelial layer. Glial cells were found at 64 days as indicated by signals corresponding to GFAP and VIM at 39 days. Positive staining for NPY and VIP was observed at 113, 75, and 95 days in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum, respectively, in the lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis, and myenteric plexuses of each of these gastric compartments. These findings indicate possible preparation of the fetal goat forestomach for postnatal function. Compared to other ruminant species, neuroendocrine cells, glial cells and peptidergic innervations markers were detected earlier compared to sheep but at around the same stage as in deer.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Embryo, Mammalian; Endocrine Cells; Fetus; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Goats; Immunohistochemistry; Neuroendocrine Cells; Neuroglia; Proteins; Rumen
PubMed: 24136206
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.35 -
The Journal of Nutrition Aug 2012Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae and fed a grass silage-based diet were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to investigate the effects of...
Dietary fish oil supplements modify ruminal biohydrogenation, alter the flow of fatty acids at the omasum, and induce changes in the ruminal Butyrivibrio population in lactating cows.
Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae and fed a grass silage-based diet were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 28-d periods to investigate the effects of incremental dietary fish oil (FO) supplementation (0, 75, 150, or 300 g/d) on the flow of fatty acids at the omasum and populations of rumen bacteria capable of biohydrogenation. FO decreased silage intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations and promoted an increase in molar butyrate and propionate proportions at the expense of acetate. Extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) resulted in corresponding increases in numerous 20- and 22-carbon unsaturated fatty acids at the omasum. Omasal flow of several 20-, 21-, and 22-carbon all-cis (n-3) PUFA exceeded the intake from FO. Supplements of FO also induced a dose-dependent decrease in 18:0 and increased trans 18:1 and trans 18:2 flow at the omasum. Trans-11 was the major 18:1 intermediate in digesta, while FO induced quadratic increases in trans-10 18:1 flow, reaching a maximum of 300 g/d. FO had no substantial influence on omasal flow of CLA. Results suggest that one or more fatty acids in FO inhibit the reduction of trans-18:1 and trans-18:2 intermediates by ruminal microorganisms. qPCR based on 16S rRNA genes in omasal digesta indicated that key Butyrivibrio spp. declined linearly in response to FO. Dose-dependent increases in ruminal outflow of biohydrogenation intermediates containing one or more trans double bonds in response to FO has major implications for host metabolism and the nutritional quality of ruminant foods.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Butyrivibrio; Cattle; Cross-Over Studies; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Female; Fish Oils; Lactation; Omasum; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rumen; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 22739367
DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.158576 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2015The objective of this study was to develop and compare techniques for determining nutrient flow based on digesta samples collected from the reticulum or rumen of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The objective of this study was to develop and compare techniques for determining nutrient flow based on digesta samples collected from the reticulum or rumen of lactating dairy cows with estimates generated by the omasal sampling technique. Pre-experimental method development suggested, after comparing with the particle size distribution of feces, application of primary sieving of ruminal and reticular digesta from lactating cows through an 11.6-mm sieve, implying that digesta particles smaller than this were eligible to flow out of the rumen. For flow measurements at the different sampling sites 4 multiparous, lactating Nordic Red cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments, in which crimped barley was replaced with 3 incremental levels of protein supplementation of canola meal. Digesta was collected from the rumen, reticulum, and omasum to represent a 24-h feeding cycle. Nutrient flow was calculated using the reconstitution system based on Cr, Yb, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber and using (15)N as microbial marker. Large and small particles and the fluid phase were recovered from digesta collected at all sampling sites. Bacterial samples were isolated from the digesta collected from the omasum. Several differences existed for digesta composition, nutrient flows, and estimates of ruminal digestibility among the 3 different sampling sites. Sampling site × diet interactions were not significant. The estimated flows of DM, potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber, nonammonia N, and microbial N were significantly different between all sampling sites. However, the difference between DM flow based on sampling from the reticulum and the omasum was small (0.13kg/d greater in the omasum). The equality between the reticulum and the omasum as sampling sites was supported by the following regression: omasal DM flow=0.37 (±0.649) + 0.94 (±0.054) reticular DM flow (R(2)=0.96 and root mean square error=0.438kg/d). More deviating nutrient-flow estimates when sampling digesta from the rumen than the reticulum compared with the omasum suggested that sampling from the reticulum is the most promising alternative to the omasal sampling technique. To definitively promote sampling from the reticulum as an alternative to the omasal sampling technique, more research is needed to determine selection criteria of reticular digesta for accurate and precise flow estimates across a range of diets.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Female; Lactation; Milk; Omasum; Particle Size; Reticulum; Rumen
PubMed: 25747835
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8613