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Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2017Among all new cancer cases in 2012, on average, 15.4% were caused by or oncoviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, , , Kaposi sarcoma-associated... (Review)
Review
Among all new cancer cases in 2012, on average, 15.4% were caused by or oncoviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, , , Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and human T-lymphotropic virus. These pathogens encode a variety of non-coding RNAs, which are important cofactors for oncogenesis. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the study of long and small non-protein-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, of oncogenic pathogens, and discuss their mechanisms of action in the multiple steps of oncogenesis.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Untranslated; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 28410134
DOI: 10.2741/4560 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2018To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral... (Review)
Review
To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral oncoproteins or by the chronic infection or inflammation. The group of human oncoviruses includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or polyomaviruses, and transregulating retroviruses such as HIV or HTLV-1. Most of these viruses express short noncoding RNAs called miRNAs to regulate their own gene expression or to influence host gene expression and thus contribute to the carcinogenic processes. In this review, we will focus on oncogenic viruses and summarize the role of both types of miRNAs, viral as well as host’s, in the oncogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 29673190
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041217 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 37545499
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217980 -
Viruses Jul 2021The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical... (Review)
Review
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, it is activated in cases of immune deficiency, both pharmacological and pathological. Infection with the BKPyV is of particular importance in recipients of kidney transplants or HSC transplantation, in which it can lead to the loss of the transplanted kidney or to haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Four main genotypes of the virus are distinguished on the basis of molecular differentiation. The most common genotype worldwide is genotype I, with a frequency of about 80%, followed by genotype IV (about 15%), while genotypes II and III are isolated only sporadically. The distribution of the molecular variants of the virus is associated with the region of origin. BKPyV subtype Ia is most common in Africa, Ib-1 in Southeast Asia, and Ib-2 in Europe, while Ic is the most common variant in Northeast Asia. The development of molecular methods has enabled significant improvement not only in BKPyV diagnostics, but in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment as well. Amplification of viral DNA from urine by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a non-invasive method that can be used to confirm the presence of the genetic material of the virus and to determine the viral load. Sequencing techniques together with bioinformatics tools and databases can be used to determine variants of the virus, analyse their circulation in populations, identify relationships between them, and investigate the directions of evolution of the virus.
Topics: Animals; BK Virus; DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses; Pathology, Molecular; Polyomavirus Infections; Transplant Recipients; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Load
PubMed: 34452367
DOI: 10.3390/v13081502 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive... (Review)
Review
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
Topics: Humans; Lymphoma; Oncogenic Viruses; Herpesvirus 8, Human
PubMed: 38482011
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009 -
Viruses Jun 2022A signature trait of neurotropic α-herpesviruses (α-HV) is their ability to establish stable non-productive infections of peripheral neurons termed latency. This... (Review)
Review
A signature trait of neurotropic α-herpesviruses (α-HV) is their ability to establish stable non-productive infections of peripheral neurons termed latency. This specialized gene expression program is the foundation of an evolutionarily successful strategy to ensure lifelong persistence in the host. Various physiological stresses can induce reactivation in a subset of latently-infected neurons allowing a new cycle of viral productive cycle gene expression and synthesis of infectious virus. Recurring reactivation events ensure transmission of the virus to new hosts and contributes to pathogenesis. Efforts to define the molecular basis of α-HV latency and reactivation have been notoriously difficult because the neurons harboring latent virus in humans and in experimentally infected live-animal models, are rare and largely inaccessible to study. Increasingly, researchers are turning to cultured neuron infection models as simpler experimental platforms from which to explore latency and reactivation at the molecular level. In this review, I reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of existing neuronal models and briefly summarize the important mechanistic insights these models have provided. I also discuss areas where prioritization will help to ensure continued progress and integration.
Topics: Animals; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Neurons; Oncogenic Viruses; Virus Activation; Virus Latency
PubMed: 35746680
DOI: 10.3390/v14061209 -
British Medical Journal Mar 1964
Review
Topics: Avian Sarcoma Viruses; DNA; DNA, Viral; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Oncogenic Viruses; Polyomavirus; RNA; RNA, Viral; Rous sarcoma virus; Simian virus 40; Vertebrates; Viruses
PubMed: 14096457
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5384.653 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2023Oral cancer is a neoplastic disorder of the oral cavities, including the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and lower and upper gums. Oral cancer assessment entails a... (Review)
Review
Oral cancer is a neoplastic disorder of the oral cavities, including the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and lower and upper gums. Oral cancer assessment entails a multistep process that requires deep knowledge of the molecular networks involved in its progression and development. Preventive measures including public awareness of risk factors and improving public behaviors are necessary, and screening techniques should be encouraged to enable early detection of malignant lesions. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are associated with other premalignant and carcinogenic conditions leading to oral cancer. Oncogenic viruses induce chromosomal rearrangements; activate signal transduction pathways via growth factor receptors, cytoplasmic protein kinases, and DNA binding transcription factors; modulate cell cycle proteins, and inhibit apoptotic pathways. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview on the use of nanomaterials for regulating viral proteins and oral cancer as well as the role of phytocompounds on oral cancer. The targets linking oncoviral proteins and oral carcinogenesis were also discussed.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Retroviridae; Mouth Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37364477
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115035 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022In the multi-factorial etiology of organ-site cancers by suspect human chemical carcinogens, oncogenic virus, activation of RAS, Myc and HER-2 oncogenes, inactivation of...
In the multi-factorial etiology of organ-site cancers by suspect human chemical carcinogens, oncogenic virus, activation of RAS, Myc and HER-2 oncogenes, inactivation of TP53, RB and APC tumor suppressor genes represent early-occurring genetic events [...].
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Oncogenes; Oncogenic Viruses; Carcinogens; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36430932
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214457 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2015Any one model system, be it culture or animal, only recapitulates one aspect of the viral life cycle in the human host. By providing recent examples of animal models for... (Review)
Review
Any one model system, be it culture or animal, only recapitulates one aspect of the viral life cycle in the human host. By providing recent examples of animal models for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, we would argue that multiple animal models are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis associated with human oncogenic herpesviruses. Transgenic mice, homologous animal herpesviruses, and tumorgraft and humanized mouse models all complement each other in the study of viral pathogenesis. The use of animal model systems facilitates the exploration of novel anti-viral and anti-cancer treatment modalities for diseases associated with oncogenic herpesviruses.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Disease Models, Animal; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 26476352
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.09.006