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Scientific Reports Jul 2023The association between statins and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) remains controversial. This study investigated the relationship between statins and OAG in Japanese...
The association between statins and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) remains controversial. This study investigated the relationship between statins and OAG in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia using the Japanese administrative claims database. A nested case-control study using two models was conducted using the JMDC claims database (01/2005-01/2020). The onset of OAG: index date was defined as the diagnosis of glaucoma, prescription of anti-glaucoma drugs, or surgery of glaucoma. For each case, a maximum of 10 age-, sex-, and calendar year/month-matched controls were randomly selected by risk-set sampling with replacement. The number of statin prescriptions during the exposure assessment period, which was identified as the 12-month (model 1) or 24-month (model 2) periods prior to the index date, was used as an indicator for statin exposure. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression analyses. We identified 375,373 patients with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia. Of these, 6180 cases and 61,792 controls (model 1) and 4153 cases and 41,522 controls (model 2) were selected. Statin use was not identified as a significant risk factor for OAG (model 1: aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.93-1.03, model 2: aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91-1.04). Compared with nonexposure, short-term exposure (< 2 years) to statins was not related to an increased risk of OAG in the Japanese working-age population with dyslipidemia.
Topics: Humans; Case-Control Studies; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Retrospective Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; East Asian People; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37468563
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38957-2 -
BioMed Research International 2015Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Although the mechanism of the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is not fully understood,... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Although the mechanism of the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is not fully understood, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the most important risk factor. Several vascular factors have also been identified as risk factors and can lead to hypoperfusion of the optic nerve head and thus may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of POAG. The results of the present study suggest that both high and low blood pressure (BP) are associated with an increased risk of POAG based on a comprehensive literature review. Elevated BP is associated with elevated IOP, leading to increased risk of glaucoma, but excessive BP lowering in glaucoma patients may cause a drop in ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and subsequent ischemic injury. The relationship between IOP, OPP, and BP suggests that the relationship between BP and glaucoma progression is U-shaped.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Hypertension; Hypotension
PubMed: 26557702
DOI: 10.1155/2015/827516 -
BMC Ophthalmology Mar 2021To compare plasma fatty acids (FAs) between participants with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and participants without neuropathy in an elderly population and to...
BACKGROUND
To compare plasma fatty acids (FAs) between participants with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and participants without neuropathy in an elderly population and to investigate specific FAs pattern in POAG.
METHODS
We conducted a population-based study in participants older than 75 years. Participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination with optic nerve photographs, visual field test and optic nerve OCT with RNFL thickness measurement. Glaucomatous status was defined according to the International Society for Epidemiologic and Geographical Ophthalmology classification. Lipids were extracted from plasma and FAs methylesters prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Among the 1153 participants of the Montrachet study 810 were retained for analysis and 68 had POAG. The mean age was 82.11 ± 3.67. In multivariable analysis FAs levels were not different between POAG participants and controls (P = 0.078). A FAs pattern characterized by high negative weight of gamma-linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), Cis-7 hexadecenoic acid monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) and high positive weight of eicosadienoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic n-6, alpha linoleic acid PUFAs, eicosenoic acid MUFAs, margaric acid and behenic acid saturated FAs was positively associated with POAG. After adjustment for major confounders, individuals in the upper tertile of FAs pattern scores compared with those in the lower tertile were more likely to present POAG (OR = 3.09 [95% CI 1.29-7.40] P = 0.013).
CONCLUSIONS
We found no significant difference regarding isolated plasma FAs between participants with POAG and participants without neuropathy in elderly but specific FAs pattern might be associated with POAG.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatty Acids; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Visual Field Tests; Visual Fields
PubMed: 33757477
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-01910-w -
Acta Ophthalmologica Dec 2018
Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Comorbidity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Survival Rate; Sweden; Time Factors
PubMed: 30187664
DOI: 10.1111/aos.13793 -
Eye (London, England) Mar 2012Glaucoma is a common, complex, heterogenous disease and it constitutes the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma is a common, complex, heterogenous disease and it constitutes the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma in all populations. Most of the molecular mechanisms leading to POAG development are still unknown. Gene mutations in various populations have been identified by genetic studies and a genetic basis for glaucoma pathogenesis has been established. Linkage analysis and association studies are genetic approaches in the investigation of the genetic basis of POAG. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are more powerful compared with linkage analysis in discovering genes of small effect that might contribute to the development of the disease. POAG links to at least 20 genetic loci, but only 2 genes identified in these loci, myocilin and optineurin, are considered as well-established glaucoma-causing genes, whereas the role of other loci, genes, and variants implicated in the development of POAG remains controversial. Gene mutations associated with POAG result in retinal ganglion cell death, which is the common outcome of pathogenetic mechanisms in glaucoma. In future, if the sensitivity and specificity of genotyping increases, it may be possible to screen individuals routinely for disease susceptibility. This review is an update on the latest progress of genetic studies associated with POAG. It emphasizes the correlation of recent achievements in genetics with glaucoma pathophysiology, glaucoma treatment perspectives, and the possibility of future prevention of irreversible visual loss caused by the disease.
Topics: Chromosome Mapping; Eye Proteins; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genome-Wide Association Study; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans
PubMed: 22173078
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.309 -
Dietary Niacin and Open-Angle Glaucoma: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Nutrients Mar 2018Glaucoma is a leading cause of loss of sight. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most critical risk factor. However, glaucoma develops even within a normal IOP...
Glaucoma is a leading cause of loss of sight. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most critical risk factor. However, glaucoma develops even within a normal IOP range. Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is more common in Asia, whereas high tension glaucoma is more common in Western countries. The pathogenesis of glaucoma, especially NTG, is poorly understood. We evaluated the correlation between dietary nutrient intake and glaucoma using data from subjects ≥40 years old from the ongoing, nationwide, population-based study, the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2008-2012). Dietary intake was determined using the 24 h recall method. Fiber (g/day), ash (g/day), calcium (mg/day), phosphorus (mg/day), iron (mg/day), sodium (mg/day), potassium (mg/day), β-Carotene (μg/day), retinol (μg/day), vitamin A (μg Retinol Equivalents/day), thiamine (mg/day), riboflavin (mg/day), niacin (mg/day), and vitamin C (mg/day) were included in nutrient intake data. All nutrient intake was divided into quartiles. The mean IOP did not differ according to quartiles from any nutrients (all > 0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, income status, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, IOP, and total energy, the intake of niacin was associated with glaucoma ( = 0.013). Among subjects with IOP ≤ 21 mmHg, only niacin was related to glaucoma in a multivariate analysis ( = 0.022). Dietary nutrient intake was associated with open-angle glaucoma independent of IOP. Individuals with NTG showed lower intake of niacin among nutrients. This finding suggests the possibility that proper diet counseling may be another modifiable factor, aside from IOP, particularly among patients with NTG.
Topics: Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Diet; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Logistic Models; Low Tension Glaucoma; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Niacin; Nutrition Surveys; Odds Ratio; Republic of Korea; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29565276
DOI: 10.3390/nu10040387 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 2005Open angle glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness in industrialised nations. Treatments to lower ocular pressure are widely used in glaucoma prevention... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Open angle glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness in industrialised nations. Treatments to lower ocular pressure are widely used in glaucoma prevention and treatment, despite conflicting evidence.
DESIGN
We performed meta-analyses to reassess the effectiveness of pressure lowering treatment to delay the development of glaucoma in ocular hypertension, as well as progression of manifest open angle glaucoma.
DATA SOURCES
Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.
SELECTION OF STUDIES
Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials with a concurrent untreated control group and information on time to glaucomatous changes to visual field and optic disc. Trial reports were reviewed independently by two investigators in an unblinded standardised manner.
RESULTS
Meta-analysis of trials in ocular hypertension showed a significant preventive effect of reducing intraocular pressure on progression to glaucoma (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.81, P = 0.01; number needed to treat 12). Pooled data of studies in manifest glaucoma showed a significant delay of visual field deterioration (0.65, 0.49 to 0.87, P = 0.003; NNT = 7), with subgroup analysis showing a larger effect in patients with raised pressure and a reduced effect in normal tension glaucoma (subgroup comparison: not significant).
CONCLUSIONS
Lowering intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension or manifest glaucoma is beneficial in reducing the risk of visual field loss in the long term.
Topics: Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Ocular Hypertension; Proportional Hazards Models; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15994659
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38506.594977.E0 -
Journal of Glaucoma Feb 2022The Faroe Islands are home to 50,000 genetically isolated people in the North Atlantic. The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in the Faroese population is unknown....
PURPOSE
The Faroe Islands are home to 50,000 genetically isolated people in the North Atlantic. The prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in the Faroese population is unknown. Consequently, we conducted a survey to determine the prevalence of OAG in the Faroese population. We also investigated the role of known glaucoma-causing genes in Faroese OAG.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective survey of known and newly diagnosed glaucoma patients at the Faroese National Hospital, Landssjukrahusid, Tórshavn between October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. In addition we reviewed the only eye care provider in the Faroese Islands by scrutinizing electronic medical records between 2009 and June 15, 2014, October 1, 2015 and the partly overlapping prescriptions for ocular hypotensive medications in 2016 to identify patients with either a diagnosis of glaucoma, a diagnosis of ocular hypertension or a prescription for ocular hypotensive medications. Next, we prospectively confirmed diagnoses with complete eye examinations. Patient DNA samples were tested for variations in known glaucoma-causing genes [myocilin (MYOC), optineurin (OPTN), and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1)].
RESULTS
We determined the age-related prevalence of OAG January 1, 2017 in individuals 40 years or older to be 10.7/1000 (1.07%) and highly age-related. A diagnosis of OAG was present in 264 patients, of whom 211 (79.9%) had primary OAG (including normal tension glaucoma), 49 (18.6%) had pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and 4 (1.5%) had pigmentary glaucoma. Among patients receiving medications for glaucoma, nearly 50% had primary OAG, while the majority of the rest had ocular hypertension or secondary glaucoma. No disease-causing variants were detected in MYOC, OPTN, or TBK1.
CONCLUSIONS
The calculated prevalence of OAG in the Faroe Islands was 1.07%. The absence of MYOC, OPTN, or TBK1 disease-causing variants in Faroese primary OAG patients suggests that a different, potentially unique set of genes may be contributing to the pathogenesis of glaucoma in this population.
Topics: Adult; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Prevalence; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 34342283
DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001921 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 2000
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 11049942
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.84.11.1216 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2021This study aimed to analyze medication adherence and persistence among open-angle glaucoma patients in Korea. A retrospective study was conducted using the Korean...
This study aimed to analyze medication adherence and persistence among open-angle glaucoma patients in Korea. A retrospective study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database from 2016 to 2019. Newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma patients who were prescribed with the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering eyedrops were included. Adherence was measured using the medication possession ratio (MPR), and persistence was measured using the duration of therapy during the 24 month follow-up period. During the study period, 14,648 open-angle glaucoma patients were identified, and 3118 (21.3%) and 4481 patients (30.6%) were adherent to and persistent with their glaucoma treatment, respectively. The mean MPR was 48.8%, and the mean duration of therapy was 357.2 days. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients who are older, female, using prostaglandins as the index medication, and visiting secondary or tertiary hospitals were significantly associated with greater rates of adherence (odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 1.12, 1.27, and 1.73, respectively) and persistence (OR = 1.11, 1.17, 1.16, 1.17, and 1.36, respectively) during the study period. Patients with open-angle glaucoma in Korea had substandard medication adherence and discontinued their treatment. Ophthalmologists should pay more attention to younger, male patients to improve adherence.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; National Health Programs; Republic of Korea; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33924601
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084106