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Scientific Reports Jan 2020The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of the correlations between blood flow on the optic nerve head (ONH) using the mean blur rate (MBR)...
The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of the correlations between blood flow on the optic nerve head (ONH) using the mean blur rate (MBR) determined by laser speckle flowgraphy and the visual field loss determined by perimetry and the structural alterations by optical coherence tomography in eyes solely with open-angle glaucoma. There were significant differences in the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT), and the MBR-tissue, at the different stages of glaucoma (ANOVA, P < 0.001). Univariate linear regression analyses indicated that the mean deviations (MD) were significantly correlated with both the MBR-tissue (r = 0.661, P < 0.001) and the cpRNFLT (r = 0.279, P = 0.005). Logistic regression analyses showed that the MD was significantly correlated with the MBR-tissue (P < 0.001) and the cpRNFLT (P < 0.001). The MBR-tissue was found to be the factor that can best predict the MD based on the Akaike information criteria (P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the MBR-tissue and the cpRNFLT were both risk factors that were significantly associated with the MD (Odds ratio;1.25 and 1.07, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). These results indicate that the MBR-tissue was as important as the structural values in diagnosing and determining the prognosis of glaucoma.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Fibers; Optic Nerve; Regional Blood Flow; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Field Tests; Visual Fields
PubMed: 31959837
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57583-w -
Journal of Anatomy Dec 1981The arterial supply of the optic nerve and the retina of four fetal and ten adult sheep was studied by various injection techniques and verified by histological...
The arterial supply of the optic nerve and the retina of four fetal and ten adult sheep was studied by various injection techniques and verified by histological examination in one neonatal lamb. The optic nerve was supplied by the rostral cerebral artery, including the rostral hypophysial artery, the internal ophthalmic artery and its chiasmatic rete, and recurrent branches from the choroidoretinal arteries. The retinal arterioles were supplied by the choroidoretinal arteries, which coursed rostrally in the external sheath of the optic nerve and perforated the area cribrosa of the sclera. The dorsal choroidoretinal artery arose variably from the external ophthalmic artery and its terminal branches. It supplied the rostral portion of the optic nerve, the choroid and, except in one sheep, all retinal arterioles. The ventral choroidoretinal artery arose variably from the anastomotic branch between the external and internal ophthalmic arteries. It supplied the rostral aspect of the optic nerve and the choroid and continued in the fetal lambs as the hyaloid artery. In one specimen it also supplied the lateral retinal arterioles. There was no evidence for a central retinal artery and a continuous arterial circle of the optic nerve.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Arterioles; Fetus; Ophthalmic Artery; Optic Chiasm; Optic Nerve; Retinal Vessels; Sheep
PubMed: 7333956
DOI: No ID Found -
AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology Mar 2019No MR imaging measurement criteria are available for the diagnosis of optic nerve atrophy. We determined a threshold optic nerve area on MR imaging that predicts a...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
No MR imaging measurement criteria are available for the diagnosis of optic nerve atrophy. We determined a threshold optic nerve area on MR imaging that predicts a clinical diagnosis of optic nerve atrophy and assessed the relationship between optic nerve area and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography, an ancillary test used to evaluate optic nerve disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We evaluated 26 patients with suspected optic nerve atrophy (8 with unilateral, 13 with bilateral and 5 with suspected but not demonstrable optic nerve atrophy) who had both orbital MR imaging and optical coherence tomography examinations. Forty-five patients without optic nerve atrophy served as controls. Coronal inversion recovery images were used to measure optic nerve area on MR imaging. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was determined by optical coherence tomography. Individual eyes were treated separately; however, bootstrapping was used to account for clustering when appropriate. Correlation coefficients were used to evaluate relationships; receiver operating characteristic curves, to investigate predictive accuracy.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in optic nerve area between patients' affected eyes with optic nerve atrophy (mean, 3.09 ± 1.09 mm), patients' unaffected eyes (mean, 5.27 ± 1.39 mm; = .008), and control eyes (mean, 6.27 ± 2.64 mm; < .001). Optic nerve area ≤ 4.0 mm had a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.83 in predicting the diagnosis of optic nerve atrophy. A significant relationship was found between optic nerve area and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness ( = 0.68, < .001).
CONCLUSIONS
MR imaging-measured optic nerve area ≤ 4.0 mm has moderately high sensitivity and specificity for predicting optic nerve atrophy, making it a potential diagnostic tool for radiologists.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Atrophy; Optic Nerve; ROC Curve; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 30765381
DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5975 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Sep 2009We evaluated the shapes, numbers, and spatial distribution of astrocytes within the glial lamina, an astrocyte-rich region at the junction of the retina and optic nerve....
We evaluated the shapes, numbers, and spatial distribution of astrocytes within the glial lamina, an astrocyte-rich region at the junction of the retina and optic nerve. A primary aim was to determine how the population of astrocytes, collectively, partitions the axonal space in this region. Astrocyte processes labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartmentalize ganglion cell axons into bundles, forming "glial tubes," and giving the glial architecture of the optic nerve head in transverse section a honeycomb appearance. The shapes of individual astrocytes were studied by using transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein in isolated astrocytes (hGFAPpr-EGFP). Within the glial lamina the astrocytes were transverse in orientation, with thick, smooth primary processes emanating from a cytoplasmic expansion of the soma. Spaces between the processes of neighboring astrocytes were spatially aligned, to form the apertures through which the bundles of optic axons pass. The processes of individual astrocytes were far-reaching-they could span most of the width of the nerve-and overlapped the anatomical domains of other near and distant astrocytes. Thus, astrocytes in the glial lamina do not tile: each astrocyte participates in ensheathing approximately one-quarter of all of the axon bundles in the nerve, and each glial tube contains the processes of about nine astrocytes. This raises the mechanistic question of how, in glaucoma or other cases of nerve damage, the glial response can be confined to a circumscribed region where damage to axons has occurred.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve; Photomicrography; Retinal Ganglion Cells
PubMed: 19562764
DOI: 10.1002/cne.22058 -
Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N.... 2014Neoplasms extending to the optic canal is a diverse group of more than 15 histological types. Elimination of the optic nerve compression is crucial for favorable visual... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Neoplasms extending to the optic canal is a diverse group of more than 15 histological types. Elimination of the optic nerve compression is crucial for favorable visual outcome. Material and method. We perform a prospective analysis of 97 patients with different neoplasms with involvement of the optic canal in whom surgery was performed in neurooncological department of Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute during the period from 2010 to 2012. Extent of resection and recurrence rates were determined by pre- and postoperative CT and MRI studies. Results. 97 patients (78 women and 19 men) were involved in the study. Mean age was 49,4 years. Patients were followed for mean of 15.9 months (1-36 month). Total resection was achieved in 54 (55.6%) patients, gross-total resection in 40 (41,2%), partial resection in 3 (3.2%). Underwent postoperative stereotactic radiation therapy 30 patients. There was no recurrence in a series of observations. 4 patients showed extension into both optic canals. Visual disturbances were the main presenting symptoms in 50 (51.5%) patients. 10 (10.3%) patients had normal visual status initially. Visual improvement after surgery was seen in (37%) of 87 patients with visual disturbances. Visual deterioration occurred in 17 (19%) patients. Transient visual deterioration occurred in 1 patient with recovery to the base level over time. The visual outcome was affected by the duration of the symptoms before surgery and the stage of visual disturbances according to the eyeground changes. Conclusions. Involvement of the optic canal is a common phenomenon in craniofacial tumors. Neoplasms extending to the optic canal is a diverse group of both the localization and histology. Decompression of the optic nerves is a crucial step in the surgical management of this neoplasms to optimize visual recovery and prevent tumor recurrence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Decompression, Surgical; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Nerve
PubMed: 25406807
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Open Ophthalmology Jun 2022To describe a new method to estimate the frequency distribution of optic nerve disc area, using digital retinographic images.
OBJECTIVE
To describe a new method to estimate the frequency distribution of optic nerve disc area, using digital retinographic images.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
We analysed 492 023 fundus images obtained with seven fundus cameras, mainly in Caucasian subjects. They were grouped by resolution and zoom. They were automatically segmented by identifying the inner edge of the Elschnig scleral ring. For this purpose, a neural network trained by deep learning previously described was used. The number of pixels contained within the segmentation and their frequency distribution were calculated. The results of each camera, using different number of images, were compared with the global results using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to confront frequency distributions.
RESULTS
The frequency distribution was non-Gaussian, more limited in small sizes than in large ones. If the median is assigned a theoretical value of 1.95 mm, the 1th, 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th and 99th percentiles would correspond to 1.29, 1.46, 1.73, 1.95, 2.20, 2.64 and 3.03 mm in all the dataset. The overall differences were significant for the smaller series, but for each percentile their mean value was only 0.01 mm and the maximum 0.10 mm, so they can be considered similar for practical purposes in all cameras.
CONCLUSION
By automatically segmenting the edges of the optic nerve and observing the frequency distribution of the number of pixels it delimits, it is possible to estimate the frequency distribution of the disc area in the population as a whole and that of each individual case.
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Fundus Oculi; Glaucoma; Humans; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve
PubMed: 36161846
DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2022-000972 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jan 1990Since its first description optic nerve hypoplasia has been identified with increasing frequency, and a range of associated problems have been described. The major...
Since its first description optic nerve hypoplasia has been identified with increasing frequency, and a range of associated problems have been described. The major neurological and endocrine associations are well established, but those factors that predispose to the development of optic nerve hypoplasia remain unclear. To understand the aetiology of these problems better, and to formulate a management regime, we studied a consecutive series of 40 patients who were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 24) had severe bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia; group 2 (n = 10) had mild, bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia; and group 3 (n = 6) had unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Previously described aetiological factors (for example, low maternal age or maternal alcohol or drug ingestion) were not present in any of the groups; this removes the need to screen a specific population. It is important that careful neurological and developmental assessments are carried out in children with optic nerve hypoplasia to identify potential disease. The role of imaging is discussed.
Topics: Child; Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Optic Nerve; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 2301970
DOI: 10.1136/adc.65.1.103 -
Journal of Neuroinflammation Apr 2017We previously reported a profound long-term neuroprotection subsequent to a single radiation-therapy in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. This neuroprotection prevents...
BACKGROUND
We previously reported a profound long-term neuroprotection subsequent to a single radiation-therapy in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. This neuroprotection prevents entry of monocyte-like immune cells into the optic nerve head during glaucoma. Gene expression studies in radiation-treated mice implicated Glycam1 in this protection. Glycam1 encodes a proteoglycan ligand for L-selectin and is an excellent candidate to modulate immune cell entry into the eye. Here, we experimentally test the hypothesis that radiation-induced over-expression of Glycam1 is a key component of the neuroprotection.
METHODS
We generated a null allele of Glycam1 on a DBA/2J background. Gene and protein expression of Glycam1, monocyte entry into the optic nerve head, retinal ganglion cell death, and axon loss in the optic nerve were assessed.
RESULTS
Radiation therapy potently inhibits monocyte entry into the optic nerve head and prevents retinal ganglion cell death and axon loss. DBA/2J mice carrying a null allele of Glycam1 show increased monocyte entry and increased retinal ganglion cell death and axon loss following radiation therapy, but the majority of optic nerves were still protected by radiation therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
Although GlyCAM1 is an L-selectin ligand, its roles in immunity are not yet fully defined. The current study demonstrates a partial role for GlyCAM1 in radiation-mediated protection. Furthermore, our results clearly show that GlyCAM1 levels modulate immune cell entry from the vasculature into neural tissues. As Glycam1 deficiency has a more profound effect on cell entry than on neurodegeneration, further experiments are needed to precisely define the role of monocyte entry in DBA/2J glaucoma. Nevertheless, GlyCAM1's function as a negative regulator of extravasation may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for an array of common conditions involving inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Female; Glaucoma; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred DBA; Monocytes; Mucins; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve
PubMed: 28446179
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0868-8 -
Acta Biomaterialia Sep 2019We developed a method to measure the 3-dimensional (3D) strain field in the optic nerve head (ONH) in vivo between two intraocular pressures (IOP). Radial optical... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
We developed a method to measure the 3-dimensional (3D) strain field in the optic nerve head (ONH) in vivo between two intraocular pressures (IOP). Radial optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were taken of the ONH of 5 eyes from 5 glaucoma patients before and after IOP-lowering surgery and from 5 eyes from 3 glaucoma suspect patients before and after raising IOP by wearing tight-fitting swimming goggles. Scans taken at higher and lower IOP were compared using a custom digital volume correlation (DVC) algorithm to calculate strains in the anterior lamina cribrosa (ALC), retina, and choroid. Changes in anterior lamina depth (ALD) relative to Bruch's membrane were also analyzed. Average displacement error was estimated to be subpixel and strain errors were smaller than 0.37%. Suturelysis decreased IOP by 9-20 mmHg and decreased compressive anterior-posterior strain E in the ALC by 0.76% (p=0.002,n=5). Goggle-wearing increased IOP by 3-4 mmHg and produced compressive E in the ALC (-0.32%,p=0.001,n=5). Greater IOP decrease was associated with greater ALD change (p=0.047,n=10) and greater strains in the ALC (E:p=0.002,n=10). A deepening of ALD was associated with lower IOP and greater ALC strains (p⩽0.045,n=10). A DVC-based method to measure strains from OCT images caused by IOP changes as small as 2.3 mmHg provides preliminary evidence that ALD is shallower and ALC strains are less compressive at higher IOP and that ALD change is associated with ALC strains. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glaucoma causes vision loss through progressive damage of the retinal ganglion axons at the lamina cribrosa, a connective tissue structure in the optic nerve head that supports the axons as they pass through the eye wall. It is hypothesized that strains caused by intraocular pressure (IOP) may initiate this damage, but few studies have measured the strain response to pressure of the optic nerve head in patients. We present a method to measure the 3D displacement and strain field in the optic nerve head caused by IOP alteration in glaucoma patients using clinically available images. We used this method to measure strain within the optic nerve head from IOP changes caused by glaucoma surgery and wearing tight-fitting swimming goggles.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bruch Membrane; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Nerve; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 31279161
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.050 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2019Myopia is significantly growing eye disease which accompanies various ocular pathologies including glaucoma. Understanding visual field (VF) and retinal nerve fiber...
Myopia is significantly growing eye disease which accompanies various ocular pathologies including glaucoma. Understanding visual field (VF) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) damage observed in myopic eyes is important. Therefore, we evaluated optic disc margin anatomy using spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT). We enrolled 40 healthy myopic patients and 64 myopic patients with RNFL defects in the superonasal region of the optic disc on red-free photographs and OCT. Optic disc stereophotographs were co-localized to SD-OCT images, and we analyzed the frequency with which the disc margin identified in photographs coincided with Bruch's membrane (BM) opening, BM/border tissue, or border tissue. For each scan, the presence of border tissue overhang beyond the clinical disc margin and the end of Bruch's membrane was identified. Among 64 myopic eyes with RNFL defects, 42 had corresponding inferotemporal VF defects. Border tissue overhang was found from 25 to 60% of myopic eyes with RNFL defect at all clock positions. However, border tissue overhang was found from 86 to 97% at 1, 2, 11 and 12 o'clock position in myopic eyes with VF defects. This was significantly different from myopic healthy eyes. We suggest that the OCT structure at the disc margin might contribute to VF damage in myopic patients.
Topics: Adult; Eye Abnormalities; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myopia; Nerve Fibers; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Torsion Abnormality; Vision Disorders; Visual Fields
PubMed: 30837506
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38960-6