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American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 2020To determine the pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged Amazon parrots ().
OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetics of amantadine after oral administration of single and multiple doses to orange-winged Amazon parrots ().
ANIMALS
12 adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (6 males and 6 females).
PROCEDURES
A single dose of amantadine was orally administered to 6 birds at 5 mg/kg (n = 2), 10 mg/kg (2), and 20 mg/kg (2) in a preliminary trial. On the basis of the results, a single dose of amantadine (10 mg/kg, PO) was administered to 6 other birds. Two months later, multiple doses of amantadine (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 7 days) were administered to 8 birds. Heart rate, respiratory rate, behavior, and urofeces were monitored. Plasma concentrations of amantadine were measured via tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were determined via noncompartmental analysis.
RESULTS
Mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum plasma concentration, half-life, and area under the concentration-versus-time curve from the last dose to infinity were 1,174 ± 186 ng/mL, 3.8 ± 1.8 hours, 23.2 ± 2.9 hours, and 38.6 ± 7.4 μg·h/mL, respectively, after a single dose and 1,185 ± 270 ng/mL, 3.0 ± 2.4 hours, 21.5 ± 5.3 hours, and 26.3 ± 5.7 μg·h/mL, respectively, at steady state after multiple doses. No adverse effects were observed.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Once-daily oral administration of amantadine at 5 mg/kg to orange-winged Amazon parrots maintained plasma concentrations above those considered to be therapeutic in dogs. Further studies evaluating safety and efficacy of amantadine in orange-winged Amazon parrots are warranted.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Amantadine; Amazona; Animals; Area Under Curve; Female; Half-Life; Male; Plasma
PubMed: 32700994
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.8.651 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Sep 2023A multi-national online survey was developed to obtain feedback on users' experiences of administration devices for oral and inhaled paediatric medicines. The...
A multi-national online survey was developed to obtain feedback on users' experiences of administration devices for oral and inhaled paediatric medicines. The questionnaire was divided into two identical parts: 1) for caregivers looking after children aged 0-18 years, and 2) for children aged 10 years and above, with parental consent. Each part of the questionnaire consisted of a section regarding oral devices and the other about respiratory devices. All data were anonymous and handled and stored in compliance with GDPR. Ethics approval (REC4612-016) was obtained. The study involved eight countries: Albania, Italy, Israel, the Netherlands, Romania, Spain, UK, and USA. A total of 206 adults and 43 children agreed to take part in the survey. Oral dosage forms were more used than inhaled medicines. For oral liquid medicines, oral syringe was the device mostly used by European and Israeli participants. Measuring spoon was the second most common device used, and was also often used in the USA. For respiratory devices, manually actuated and breath actuated metered dose inhalers were the most common everywhere. All devices were deemed easy to use by most of respondents and instructions clear. However, a recurrent suggestion was to simplify device instructions by adding explanatory images and to summarise or highlight key points. Moreover, respondents proposed other improvements related to device appearance and design that would make the device more acceptable for them to use. Understanding paediatric patients and caregivers' experiences about oral and respiratory devices is key to provide industry with information that can help improve the use and acceptability of administration devices. Aspects that device suppliers and healthcare professionals would need to prioritise are the provision of simpler instructions in the form of images and key summaries, and to provide adequate training on device use. These improvements are essential to ensure that children and caregivers are able to use the device appropriately.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Caregivers; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Surveys and Questionnaires; Syringes; Administration, Oral
PubMed: 37463632
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.006 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Research suggests that soyasaponins are poorly absorbed in the GI tract and that soyasaponin aglycones or soyasapogenols are absorbed faster and in greater amounts than...
Research suggests that soyasaponins are poorly absorbed in the GI tract and that soyasaponin aglycones or soyasapogenols are absorbed faster and in greater amounts than the corresponding soyasaponins. Therefore, it is important to understand the bioavailability of these compounds for the potential development of functional foods containing their components. In this paper, to investigate the metabolic characteristics of soyasapogenols A and B, the pharmacokinetic parameters in rats were determined via oral and intravenous administration. The liver metabolites of soyasapogenols were identified using UPLC-/Q-TOF-MS/MS, and their metabolic pathways were also speculated. The results show that, after oral administration, there was a bimodal phenomenon in the absorption process. T was about 2 h, and soyasapogenol was completely metabolized 24 h later. The bioavailability of soyasapogenol was superior, reaching more than 60%. There were sixteen metabolites of soyasapogenol A and fifteen metabolites of soyasapogenol B detected in rat bile. Both phase I and II metabolic transformation types of soyasapogenols, including oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydrolysis, dehydration, deoxidization, phosphorylation, sulfation, glucoaldehyde acidification, and conjugation with cysteine, were identified. In addition, soyasapogenol A could be converted into soyasapogenols B and E in the metabolic process. These results suggest that it is feasible to use soyasapogenols as functional ingredients in nutraceuticals or food formulations.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Liver; Oleanolic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Administration, Oral
PubMed: 36615477
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010284 -
Drug Discovery Today Aug 2022Oral delivery is preferred over other routes of drug administration by both patients and physicians. The bioavailability of some therapeutics that are delivered via the... (Review)
Review
Oral delivery is preferred over other routes of drug administration by both patients and physicians. The bioavailability of some therapeutics that are delivered via the oral route is restricted due to the protease- and bacteria-rich environment in the gastrointestinal tract, and by the pH variability along the delivery route. Given these harsh environments, the oral delivery of therapeutic macromolecules is complicated and remains challenging. Various formulation approaches, including the use of permeation enhancers and nanosized carriers, as well as chemical alteration of the drug structure, have been studied as ways to improve the oral absorption of macromolecular drugs. Nevertheless, the bioavailability of marketed oral peptide medicines is often relatively poor. This review highlights the most recent and promising physical methods for improving the oral bioavailability of macromolecules such as peptides. These methods include microneedle injections, high-speed stream injectors, magnetic drug targeting, expandable hydrogels, and iontophoresis. We highlight the potential and challenges of these new technologies, which may impact the future approaches used by pharmaceutical companies to create more efficient and safer orally administered macromolecules.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Hydrogels; Macromolecular Substances; Peptides
PubMed: 35460891
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.014 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Sep 2017Thrombotic disorders remain a leading cause of death in the Western World. For decades, vitamin K antagonists used in the prevention of this pathology, such as warfarin... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Thrombotic disorders remain a leading cause of death in the Western World. For decades, vitamin K antagonists used in the prevention of this pathology, such as warfarin or sintrom, were the only oral agents available for long-term anticoagulation, in spite of their disadvantages.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An electronic database search was carried out on MedLine and The Cochrane Library Plus, without restrictions on the type of study nor dates, in English and Spanish. Abstracts were reviewed, and complete articles if necessary, considering all articles that included recommendations on DOACs and oral surgery.
RESULTS
In recent years, the so-called "new oral anticoagulants" have been introduced in clinical practice to treat those patients whose medical conditions require long-term anticoagulant treatment, replacing traditional oral anticoagulants.
CONCLUSIONS
The new oral anticoagulants represent new therapeutic options, with a number of advantages such as poor interaction with food, minor drug interactions, and do not require periodic dose adjustments or routine controls. The purpose of this review is to establish an update on the new oral anticoagulants: Dabigatran, Rivarozaban, Apixaban and Edoxaban.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anticoagulants; Humans; Oral Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 28809374
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21862 -
Physiological Research Nov 2022Medical cannabis has recently been legalized in many countries, and it is currently prescribed with increasing frequency, particularly for treatment of chronic pain... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Medical cannabis has recently been legalized in many countries, and it is currently prescribed with increasing frequency, particularly for treatment of chronic pain resistant to conventional therapy. The psychoactive substance delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol (THC) contained in cannabis may affect driving abilities. Therefore, the aims of this study (open-label, monocentric, nonrandomized) were to evaluate blood and saliva concentrations of THC after oral administration of medical cannabis and to assess the time needed for THC levels to decline below a value ensuring legal driving. The study involved 20 patients with documented chronic pain using long-term medical cannabis therapy. They were divided into two groups and treated with two different doses of cannabis in the form of gelatin capsules (62.5 mg or 125 mg). In all patients, the amount of THC was assessed in saliva and in blood at pre-defined time intervals before and after administration. THC levels in saliva were detected at zero in all subjects following administration of both doses at all-time intervals after administration. Assessment of THC levels in blood, however, showed positive findings in one subject 9 h after administration of the lower dose and in one patient who had been given a higher dose 7 h after administration. Our finding suggested that for an unaffected ability to drive, at least 9-10 h should elapse from the last cannabis use.
Topics: Humans; Administration, Oral; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabis; Chronic Pain; Dronabinol; Medical Marijuana; Saliva
PubMed: 36121021
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934907 -
Mucosal Immunology Jul 2010The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal immune response is characterized by an intricate balance between host defense and immunoregulation. A principal element of this normal... (Review)
Review
The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal immune response is characterized by an intricate balance between host defense and immunoregulation. A principal element of this normal response is acquisition of oral tolerance. Aberrations in oral tolerance induction can lead to food allergy, an increasingly prevalent disorder that causes significant medical and psychosocial stressors for patients and families. At present there is no definitive therapy for food allergy and the mainstays of treatment are allergen avoidance, nutritional support, and ready access to emergency medications. Significant progress toward an active therapy for food allergy has been made with the advent of novel therapies such as oral immunotherapy (OIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), which modulate the GI mucosal immune response with the goal of promoting oral tolerance. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms of oral tolerance induction and its relation to food allergy and explore novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of food allergy.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Sublingual; Allergens; Animals; Child; Desensitization, Immunologic; Food Hypersensitivity; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal
PubMed: 20505663
DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.21 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Jan 2022To evaluate the effects of long-term (30-day) oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of melatonin in the...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of long-term (30-day) oral administration of melatonin on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of melatonin in the tears and serum of healthy dogs.
ANIMALS
20 healthy sexually intact adult male dogs.
PROCEDURES
10 dogs were given melatonin (0.3 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h, administered in food at 9 am), and 10 dogs were given a placebo. Tear and serum melatonin concentrations, IOP, and tear production (determined with a Schirmer tear test) were recorded before (baseline) and 30 minutes, 3 hours, and 5 hours after administration of melatonin or the placebo on day 1 and 30 minutes after administration of melatonin or the placebo on days 8, 15, and 30.
RESULTS
Data collection time had significant effects on tear production, IOP, and tear melatonin concentration but not on serum melatonin concentration. Treatment (melatonin vs placebo) had a significant effect on tear melatonin concentration, but not on tear production, IOP, or serum melatonin concentration; however, tear melatonin concentration was significantly different between groups only 30 minutes after administration on day 1 and not at other times.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In healthy dogs, long-term administration of melatonin at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours did not have any clinically important effects on tear production, IOP, or serum or tear melatonin concentrations.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Dogs; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Melatonin; Tears; Tonometry, Ocular
PubMed: 34986123
DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.03.0114 -
Current Opinion in Pharmacology Oct 2017Orally administered devices could enable the systemic uptake of biologic therapeutics by engineering around the physiological barriers present in the gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
Orally administered devices could enable the systemic uptake of biologic therapeutics by engineering around the physiological barriers present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Such devices aim to shield cargo from degradative enzymes and increase the diffusion rate of medication through the GI mucosa. In order to achieve clinical relevance, these designs must significantly increase systemic drug bioavailability, deliver a clinically relevant dose and remain safe when taken frequently. Such an achievement stands to reduce our dependence on needle injections, potentially increasing patient adherence and reducing needle-associated complications. Here we discuss the physical and chemical constraints imposed by the GI organs and use these to develop a set of boundary conditions on oral device designs for the delivery of macromolecules. We critically examine how device size affects the rate of intestinal obstruction and hinders the loading capacity of poorly soluble protein drugs. We then discuss how current orally administered devices could solve the problem of tissue permeation and conclude that these physical methods stand to provide an efficacious set of alternatives to the classic hypodermic needle.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biological Products; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans
PubMed: 28779684
DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.07.003 -
Indian Pediatrics Jun 2019
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Vitamin K
PubMed: 31278222
DOI: No ID Found