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Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2021The study was undertaken to estimate the species-specific prevalence of oral candidiasis in diabetic individuals in India, and further find the relationship of oral...
OBJECTIVE
The study was undertaken to estimate the species-specific prevalence of oral candidiasis in diabetic individuals in India, and further find the relationship of oral carriage of Candida in diabetes with degree of diabetic control, duration of disease, type of diabetes and its effect on the status of oral hygiene status and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score.
METHODOLOGY
The prospective cross-sectional study involved 900 individuals (470 diabetic and 430 non-diabetic) visiting a tertiary care hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all the individuals participating in the study. The demographic details, medical history and oral cavity examination were recorded in a specially designed proforma. Swabs were taken for microbiological evaluation for specific prevalence of Candida.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of Candida in diabetics was 22.1% as compared to 9.7% in non-diabetic individuals. However, among the type 1 and type 2 diabetics, the prevalence of Candida was equally distributed as 22.6% and 20.8%, respectively. C. albicans was the most common species (97.1%), while isolated cases of other species like C. rugosa, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata were also observed. The individuals with higher glycaemic score (HbA1c >7) showed higher prevalence of oral candidiasis. Oral hygiene status was observed to be lower among diabetics as compared to non-diabetic individuals.
CONCLUSION
Oral candidiasis was more prevalent in diabetic patients, and C. albicans was the most common species. The diabetics also showed higher mean DMFT with lower oral hygiene status as compared to non-diabetic individuals.
Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dentition; Diabetes Mellitus; Hospitals; Humans; Oral Hygiene; Prevalence; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35229766
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_827_20 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023One of the most common oral diseases affecting people wearing dentures is chronic atrophic candidiasis or denture stomatitis (DS). The aim of the paper is to provide an... (Review)
Review
One of the most common oral diseases affecting people wearing dentures is chronic atrophic candidiasis or denture stomatitis (DS). The aim of the paper is to provide an update on the pathogenesis, presentation, and management of DS in general dental practice settings. A comprehensive review of the literature published in the last ten years was undertaken using multiple databases, including PubMed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus. The eligible articles were analyzed to identify evidence-based strategies for the management of DS. Despite its multifactorial nature, the leading cause of DS is the development of oral biofilm, which is facilitated by poor oral and denture hygiene, long-term denture wear, ill-fitting dentures, and the porosity of the acrylic resin in the dentures. DS affects between 17 and 75% of the population wearing dentures, with a slight predominance in elderly females. The mucosal denture surfaces and posterior tongue are the common sites of DS, and the affected areas exhibit erythema, the swelling of the palatal mucosa and edema. Oral and denture hygiene protocols, adjusting or re-fabricating poorly adapting dentures, smoking cessation, avoiding nocturnal denture wear, and the administration of topical or systemic antifungals are the mainstay of management. Alternate treatments such as microwave disinfection, phytomedicine, photodynamic therapy, and incorporation of antifungals and nanoparticles into denture resins are being evaluated for the treatment of DS but require further evidence before routine use in clinical practice. In summary, DS is the most common oral inflammatory lesion experienced by denture wearers. Most patients with DS can be managed in general dental practice settings. Effective management by general dental practitioners may be supported by a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis, the recognition of the clinical presentation, and an awareness of contemporary treatment strategies.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged; Stomatitis, Denture; Dentures; Antifungal Agents; Dentists; Professional Role; Candidiasis, Oral; Stomatitis; Candida albicans
PubMed: 36833718
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043029 -
Le Infezioni in Medicina Sep 2020Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection, affecting the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of...
Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection, affecting the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from the oral cavity of patients affected by oral candidiasis. Oral swabs were taken from 34 patients and were inoculated on to Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The yeasts were preliminarily evaluated according to the growth (human serum) germ tube, chlamydospore formation, reproduction at 45 degrees C and colony characteristics on SDA medium. The commercial method Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, USA) was used for identification. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference M27-A3 microdilution method was applied for fluconazole (FLC), voriconazole (VRC), amphotericin B (AMB), ketoconazole (KTC), nystatin (NYT) antifungal susceptibility testing. A total of 34 Candida species were isolated and these species were identified as follows: 14 (41.2%) Candida albicans, 8 (23.5%) Candida glabrata, 8 (23.5%) Candida parapsilosis, 4 (11.8 %) Candida tropicalis. The geometric mean (GM) of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for FLC, NYT, VRC, AMB, and KTC was 13.09 μg/mL, 4.77 μg/mL, 0.23 μg/mL, 0.20 μg/mL, 0.08 μg/mL, respectively. The most commonly isolated species was C. albicans. KTZ showed the lowest MIC value. NYT MIC values for non-albicans species were higher than for C. albicans ones.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 32920575
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dental Research Apr 2016The oral cavity is a unique niche where Candida albicans infections occur in immunocompetent as well as immunosuppressed individuals. Here we critically review the... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a unique niche where Candida albicans infections occur in immunocompetent as well as immunosuppressed individuals. Here we critically review the significance of human innate immune response in preventing oral candidiasis. One important line of defense against oropharyngeal candidiasis is the oral microbiota that prevents infection by competing for space and nutrients as well as by secreting antagonistic molecules and triggering local inflammatory responses. C. albicans is able to induce mucosal defenses through activation of immune cells and production of cytokines. Also, saliva contains various proteins that affect C. albicans growth positively by promoting mucosal adherence and negatively through immune exclusion and direct fungicidal activity. We further discuss the role of saliva in unifying host innate immune defenses against C. albicans as a communicating medium and how C. albicans overgrowth in the oral cavity may be a result of aberrations ranging from microbial dysbiosis and salivary dysfunction to epithelial damage. Last we underscore select oral diseases in which C. albicans is a contributory microorganism in immune-competent individuals.
Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 26747422
DOI: 10.1177/0022034515625222 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2012Fungal infections in humans occur as a result of defects in the immune system. An increasing emergence in oral Candidal and non-Candidal fungal infections is evident in... (Review)
Review
Fungal infections in humans occur as a result of defects in the immune system. An increasing emergence in oral Candidal and non-Candidal fungal infections is evident in the past decade owing to the rise in the immunodeficient and immunocompromised population globally. Oral Candidal infection usually involves a compromised host and the compromise may be local or systemic. Local compromising factors include decreased salivation, poor oral hygiene, wearing dentures among others while systemic factors include diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficiency, HIV infection/AIDS and others. Oral candidiasis is generally a localized infection and rarely appears as a systemic fungal disease whereas oral non-Candidal fungal infections are usually signs of disseminated disease. Some of the non-Candidal fungi that were once considered exotic and geographically restricted are now seen worldwide, beyond their natural habitat, probably attributed to globalization and travels. Currently infections from these fungi are more prevalent than before and they may present either as primary oral lesions or as oral manifestations of systemic mycoses. This review discusses the various predisposing factors, clinical presentations, clinical differential diagnosis, diagnosis and management of oral candidiasis, as well as briefly highlights upon a few of the more exotic non-Candidal fungi that infect the oral mucosa.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Mouth Diseases; Mycoses; Opportunistic Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 23422613
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.107384 -
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2024This study aimed to verify oral candidiasis, identify the causative species, and investigate the antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated from liver transplant...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to verify oral candidiasis, identify the causative species, and investigate the antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated from liver transplant patients.
METHODS
A descriptive analysis of 97 patients who underwent liver transplantation was conducted at a hospital. Two clinical examinations (Collections A and B) of the oral cavity were performed. Oral material was collected from all patients, inoculated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and incubated at 35℃ for 48 hours. Samples were identified by molecular sequencing of the internal trascribed space region of rDNA.
RESULTS
An antifungal susceptibility test with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and micafungin was performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute yeast broth microdilution method. Among the patients, 15 presented with oral candidiasis: eight in Collection A and seven in Collection B. The primary type of candidiasis was atrophic, followed by pseudomembranous candidiasis. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans (nine), followed by Candida glabrata (three), Candida tropicalis (two), and Candida dubliniensis (one). Regarding susceptibility to fluconazole, of the 15 samples, 11 were susceptible, three were susceptible in a dose-dependent manner, and one was resistant.
CONCLUSION
The most commonly identified type of candidiasis was atrophic, with C. albicans and C. glabrata being the most prevalent causative species. One fluconazole-resistant isolate each of C. tropicalis and C. albicans were identified.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Liver Transplantation; Male; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Middle Aged; Candida; Fluconazole; Adult; Amphotericin B; Aged; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Micafungin; Young Adult
PubMed: 38775603
DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2024AO0138 -
Revista Do Instituto de Medicina... 2016This study examined the association between oral candidiasis in elderly users and nonusers of prosthesis and its predisposing factors. To this end, we performed a...
This study examined the association between oral candidiasis in elderly users and nonusers of prosthesis and its predisposing factors. To this end, we performed a cross-sectional study where saliva samples from 48 patients were collected they used prosthesis and 43 patients (control group) who did not use. Among the 91 patients, Candida spp were isolated in 40 (83.3%) who used prosthesis and in 23 (53.5%) in the control group. A statistically significant association was determined between the two groups, the isolation of yeasts and dental prosthesis (p < 0.05, OR = 4.3). The most common etiological agent was Candida albicans (37 isolates), with 23 (62.2%) in the denture group and 14 (37.8%) (control group). Among patients who presented clinical manifestations of oral candidiasis (n = 24), 83.3% (n = 20) belonged to the group that wore dentures, while only 16.7% (n = 4) belonged to the control group. Elderly patients with diabetes had 4.4 times higher estimated risk of developing oral candidiasis when compared with individuals without this condition. There was no statistically significant association between being user prostheses and have diabetes with the onset of candidiasis. No statistically significant association was determined between xerostomia, use of prosthesis and oral candidiasis. The use of prosthetics and poor oral hygiene in elderly patients predisposes to the development of oral candidiasis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Prosthesis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Saliva; Stomatitis, Denture
PubMed: 27007560
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946201658017 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Oct 2019Neonatal thrush, also called oral candidiasis, is commonly a clinical diagnosis based on white patches on oral mucosal surfaces. Candida albicans is often associated...
OBJECTIVES
Neonatal thrush, also called oral candidiasis, is commonly a clinical diagnosis based on white patches on oral mucosal surfaces. Candida albicans is often associated with it. This clinical study aimed to investigate the presence of C. albicans among newborns with or without clinical findings of candidiasis on oral mucosa. Another aim was to investigate how thrush responded to current therapy by acidic liquids such as lingonberry or lemon juice.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Swipe samples were collected from 32 healthy, full-term infants younger than 12 months with or without white patches on oral mucosa. Clinical diagnosis of thrush was made by a community nurse based on thick and yellowish white patches. The routine therapy was oral lingonberry or lemon juice or soda water. Disappearing of patches was controlled by a phone call about 2 weeks after the baseline. Both parents and nurses gave background factors by filling a questionnaire.
RESULTS
One (3%) infant without clinical signs was diagnosed with Candida parapsilosis, none with C. albicans. Thrush resembling candidiasis was diagnosed clinically in four (12.5%) children. Three out of four parents reported persisting findings after 2 weeks. Only the maternal mastitis and use of antibiotics were significantly associated with thrush ( = .001). C. albicans was not discovered from babies with clinical thrush.
CONCLUSIONS
Aetiology of the white patches remained unclear. The current way of treating them with acidic liquids is not efficient. Additional studies are needed.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Beverages; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Citrus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Vaccinium vitis-idaea
PubMed: 31687193
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.213 -
Infection and Immunity Feb 2015The clinical significance of polymicrobial interactions, particularly those between commensal species with high pathogenic potential, remains largely understudied....
The clinical significance of polymicrobial interactions, particularly those between commensal species with high pathogenic potential, remains largely understudied. Although the dimorphic fungal species Candida albicans and the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus are common cocolonizers of humans, they are considered leading opportunistic pathogens. Oral candidiasis specifically, characterized by hyphal invasion of oral mucosal tissue, is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV(+) and immunocompromised individuals. In this study, building on our previous findings, a mouse model was developed to investigate whether the onset of oral candidiasis predisposes the host to secondary staphylococcal infection. The findings demonstrated that in mice with oral candidiasis, subsequent exposure to S. aureus resulted in systemic bacterial infection with high morbidity and mortality. Histopathology and scanning electron microscopy of tongue tissue from moribund animals revealed massive C. albicans hyphal invasion coupled with S. aureus deep tissue infiltration. The crucial role of hyphae in the process was demonstrated using a non-hypha-producing and a noninvasive hypha-producing mutant strains of C. albicans. Further, in contrast to previous findings, S. aureus dissemination was aided but not contingent upon the presence of the Als3p hypha-specific adhesion. Importantly, impeding development of mucosal C. albicans infection by administering antifungal fluconazole therapy protected the animals from systemic bacterial disease. The combined findings from this study demonstrate that oral candidiasis may constitute a risk factor for disseminated bacterial disease warranting awareness in terms of therapeutic management of immunocompromised individuals.
Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Coinfection; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fluconazole; Fungal Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mouth Mucosa; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tongue
PubMed: 25422264
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.02843-14 -
Drug Safety Apr 2013The primary aim of the study was to gain insight into the relative risk of clinically relevant oral candidiasis following inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) initiation over...
OBJECTIVES
The primary aim of the study was to gain insight into the relative risk of clinically relevant oral candidiasis following inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) initiation over time. A secondary aim was to analyse the influence of patient characteristics and co-medication on the occurrence of this adverse effect.
METHODS
Drug prescription data from 1994 to 2011 were retrieved from the IADB.nl database. To study the influence of ICS use on occurrence of oral candidiasis, a prescription symmetry analysis was used, including patients using medication for oral candidiasis up to 1 year before or after ICS initiation. The relative risk was calculated by dividing the number of patients receiving medication for oral candidiasis after ICS initiation by the number of patients receiving the same medication before ICS initiation. Sub-analyses were conducted to compare the relative risks at several time points after ICS initiation and to account for therapy persistence by only including chronic users of ICS. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify predictive factors.
RESULTS
A total of 52,279 incident users of ICS therapy were identified, of which 1,081 received medication for oral candidiasis up to 1 year before or after ICS initiation. A total of 701 patients received medication for oral candidiasis after ICS initiation, while 361 received these medications in the reversed sequence, resulting in a sequence ratio (SR) of 1.94 (95 % CI 1.71-2.21). In the first 3 months after ICS initiation, the SR was 2.72 (95 % CI 2.19-3.38) and then decreased to 1.47 (95 % CI 1.11-1.95) 9-12 months after ICS initiation. Predictive factors were higher daily dose of ICS and concomitant use of oral corticosteroids.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found a significant and clinically relevant increased number of patients receiving medication for oral candidiasis in the first year after therapy initiation with ICS. Relative risk is highest in the first 3 months, but remains increased up to at least 1 year after ICS initiation. This study stresses the need for patient education and inhalation instruction.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Aged; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education as Topic; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Risk Assessment; Time Factors
PubMed: 23516006
DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0029-7