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International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2021Essential oil (EO)-based mouthwashes have been used for oral health maintenance due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim was to review... (Review)
Review
Essential oil (EO)-based mouthwashes have been used for oral health maintenance due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim was to review clinical trials that assessed the role of EO-based mouthwashes in controlling gingivitis in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (OT). The Patients, Interventions, Control and Outcome (PICO) format was based on the following: (a) P: Patients undergoing fixed OT (b) Intervention: EO-based mouth-wash; Control: Mouthwashes that did not contain EOs or no mouthwash (d) Outcome: Control of gingivitis measured by clinical indices. Databases were searched manually and electronically up to and including May 2021 using different medical subject subheadings. Data screening and extraction were performed. The risk of bias within randomized controlled trials was assessed using the revised Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool (RoB 2). The Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was used for non-randomized controlled trials. Disagreements related to literature search and RoB evaluations were resolved via discussion. Six clinical studies were included. Four studies showed that Listerine is effective in controlling gingivitis in patients undergoing fixed OT. One study reported that the use of 5% Fructus mume mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction in gingival bleeding. Two mouthwashes that contained 1% L. and 0.5% were also found to be efficient in controlling gingival bleeding. Four, one and one studies had a low, moderate and high RoB, respectively. In conclusion, EO-based mouthwashes seem to be effective for the management of gingivitis among patients undergoing fixed OT. Further well-designed and power-adjusted clinical trials are needed.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile
PubMed: 34682572
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010825 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Sep 2000
Review
Topics: Abscess; Dry Socket; Emergencies; Humans; Jaw Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Oral Hemorrhage; Pain; Pain, Postoperative; Tooth Avulsion; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Fractures
PubMed: 10968824
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7260.559 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Nov 2014To determine the effectiveness of a novel sonic toothbrush in reducing plaque and in maintenance of gingival health when compared to a standard manual brush. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To determine the effectiveness of a novel sonic toothbrush in reducing plaque and in maintenance of gingival health when compared to a standard manual brush.
METHODS
This study was a block-randomized, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel group, single centre clinical investigation. A total of 84 subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the Panasonic EW-DL90 or an American Dental Association-endorsed manual toothbrush. Subjects were instructed to follow a twice-daily brushing regimen without flossing. Plaque levels and gingival health were assessed at baseline and after 1 and 3 weeks of treatment using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index and the Papillary Bleeding Score.
RESULTS
Subjects assigned to the EW-DL90 group had significantly lower plaque levels after 1 and 3 weeks of treatment than those in the manual group (P = 0.003 and 0.0035, respectively). Both groups showed a reduction in plaque levels at Week 3 relative to baseline. The EW-DL90 group had significantly lower gingival inflammation scores after 1 week of treatment (P = 0.0293), but there was no difference between groups after 3 weeks of treatment.
CONCLUSION
The EW-DL90 toothbrush safely and effectively removes more plaque than a standard manual toothbrush. Improvement in gingival inflammation was observed after 1 week of treatment. There was no difference in Papillary Bleeding Score between the two groups after 3 weeks of treatment.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The newly developed sonic brush (Panasonic EW-DL90) tested in this study was found to be more effective than a manual toothbrush at plaque removal. The papillary bleeding scores were significantly lower in the sonic brush group after 1 week of product use. After 3 weeks of product use, both treatment groups had similar papillary bleeding scores almost returning to baseline values.
Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Single-Blind Method; Sonication; Toothbrushing; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 24738786
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12081 -
Journal of Dental Research Oct 2010The relationship among oral and systemic health and HIV shedding in saliva is not well-understood. We hypothesized that oral and systemic health are associated with HIV...
The relationship among oral and systemic health and HIV shedding in saliva is not well-understood. We hypothesized that oral and systemic health are associated with HIV shedding in saliva of HIV-infected women. Saliva from 127 participants enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) was collected at repeated visits over a 5½-year study period (October 1998 through March 2004) and was evaluated for HIV-1 RNA. Demographic, lifestyle, and systemic and oral health characteristics were evaluated as possible correlates of salivary HIV-1 shedding. Multivariate models showed significantly increased risk of HIV-1 shedding in saliva as blood levels of CD4 cell counts decreased (p < 0.0001) and HIV RNA increased (p < 0.0001). Diabetes (p = 0.002) and a high proportion of gingival bleeding sites (p = 0.01) were associated with increased likelihood, while anti-retroviral therapy (p = 0.0003) and higher levels of stimulated saliva flow rates (p = 0.02) were associated with a lower likelihood of HIV-1 RNA shedding in saliva.
Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; DMF Index; Dental Plaque Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Health Status; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Periodontal Index; RNA, Viral; Saliva; Secretory Rate; Substance-Related Disorders; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 20671205
DOI: 10.1177/0022034510375290 -
Neurosurgical Review Feb 2021Degeneration of intracranial aneurysm wall is under active research and recent studies indicate an increased risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysm among patients with... (Review)
Review
Degeneration of intracranial aneurysm wall is under active research and recent studies indicate an increased risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysm among patients with periodontal diseases. In addition, oral bacterial DNA has been identified from wall samples of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. These novel findings led us to evaluate if oral diseases could predispose to pathological changes seen on intracranial aneurysm walls eventually leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The aim of this review is to consider mechanisms on the relationship between periodontitis and aneurysm rupture, focusing on recent evidence.
Topics: Aneurysm, Ruptured; Humans; Intracranial Aneurysm; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
PubMed: 32034564
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01253-y -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Feb 2014To identify factors associated with increased gingival inflammation in adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma).
OBJECTIVE
To identify factors associated with increased gingival inflammation in adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma).
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, forty-eight adults with SSc received assessment of gingival inflammation using Löe and Silness gingival index (LSGI), measurement of oral aperture and evaluation of manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene using the Toothbrushing Ability Test, as well as completion of an oral health-related questionnaire.
RESULTS
Three explanatory variables in the final multiple predictor models for the LSGI outcome were statistically significant--manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene, flossing in the evening and SSc subtype, with higher (i.e., worse) LSGI score among those with impaired manual dexterity, not flossing in the evening and diffuse form of SSc. In addition, posterior teeth had higher LSGI scores compared with that of the anterior teeth after adjusting for other variables.
CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that dental health professionals take manual dexterity into consideration when educating patients with SSc to improve their oral hygiene and educate them on paying more attention on cleaning their posterior teeth and the importance of flossing in the evening--especially those who only floss once a day or less often.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbonated Beverages; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Care; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Hand; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Skills; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Scleroderma, Diffuse; Scleroderma, Systemic; Smoking; Toothbrushing; Xerostomia; Young Adult
PubMed: 23611650
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12024 -
Minerva Stomatologica Apr 2018The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the SSRD Department of University of Milan PREVENTION PROGRAM between subjects of different sex and ages. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the SSRD Department of University of Milan PREVENTION PROGRAM between subjects of different sex and ages.
METHODS
Prevention Program is divided into six stages, in which specific and standardized procedures are effected on patient; then checkups are planned after three months. Ninety patients (48 females, 42 males) were included. Subjects were divided into three ages groups: 6-9, 10-12 and over 12 years old. Plaque Index, Bleeding Index, and quantitative and qualitative variations of bacterial plaque were considered.
RESULTS
Remarkable results were obtained regarding both the effective reduction of bacterial oral flora and patient's compliance and learning, especially in the group of patients older than 10 years. The new values of parameters recorded at the end of the study showed that all the subjects included in the sample had an improvement of compliance in oral hygiene, in particular: 1) P.I. level 3, 10-12 age, female; 2) B.I. level 4, males over 10, female 6-9 age; 3) quantitative and qualitative variations of bacterial plaque, level 4, all groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Patient instruction and motivation allow to obtain optimal results in particular in patients aged more than 10 years.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Bacteria; Child; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Motivation; Mouth; Oral Hygiene; Patient Compliance; Patient Education as Topic; Periodontal Index; Preventive Dentistry; Program Evaluation
PubMed: 29243447
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4970.17.04083-3 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2018Clinical research on herbal-based dentifrice +/- mouth rinse products is very limited compared with the plethora of research on conventional oral care products under... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Clinical research on herbal-based dentifrice +/- mouth rinse products is very limited compared with the plethora of research on conventional oral care products under normal oral hygiene conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel plant leaf extract (CPLE) on interdental bleeding in healthy subjects. In this randomized, single-blind parallel-design study, the eligible subjects were generally healthy non-smokers, aged 18⁻26, who exhibited healthy periodontal conditions upon study entry. The participants were equally randomized into the following four groups: CPLE dentifrice, CPLE dentifrice and mouthwash, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-free enzyme-containing dentifrice and SLS-free enzyme-containing dentifrice with essential oil (EO) mouthwash. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day without changing their other brushing habits. Interdental bleeding (BOIP) was measured from inclusion (T₀) until the fourth week (T₄) of the study. Clinical efficacy was assessed after one, two, three and four weeks of home use. The analyses compared BOIP between groups and were then restricted to participants with ≥70% and then ≥80% bleeding sites at T₀. Pairwise comparisons between groups were performed at T₀ and T₄, and a logistic regression identified correlates of gingival bleeding (T₄). Among 100 subjects (2273 interdental sites), the median percentage of bleeding sites per participant at T₀ was 65%. The bleeding sites dramatically decreased in all groups between T₀ and T₄ (relative variations from -54% to -75%, < 0.01 for all). Gingival bleeding did not significantly differ between the CPLE dentifrice and the SLS-free dentifrice +/- EO mouthwash groups (from = 0.05 to = 0.86), regardless of the baseline risk level. Among the CPLE dentifrice users, fewer bleeding sites were observed when toothpaste and mouthwash were combined compared to bleeding sites in those who used toothpaste alone (21% vs. 32%, = 0.04). CPLE dentifrice/mouthwash provides an efficacious and natural alternative to SLS-free dentifrice +/-EO-containing mouthwash when used as an adjunct to mechanical oral care to reduce interdental gingival inflammation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carica; Dental Plaque; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Oral Hygiene; Plant Extracts; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 30486374
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122660 -
Journal (Canadian Dental Association) 2015The management of patients on anticoagulation therapy is challenging. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to establish the effectiveness of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The management of patients on anticoagulation therapy is challenging. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to establish the effectiveness of hemostatic interventions to prevent postoperative bleeding following dental extractions among patients taking warfarin.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases and applying relevant MeSH terms. Identified studies were screened independently by 2 reviewers using the following selection criteria: tooth extraction, patients taking warfarin as the only anticoagulant, randomized controlled trials and a hemostatic intervention.
RESULTS
Six articles were included in the final review, all evaluating different interventions. Oral or local hemostatic agents were compared in 4 studies where patients continued taking warfarin before and after the procedure; in 3 studies, there were no differences between the agents in preventing postoperative bleeding and, in 1, Histoacryl glue was superior to a gelatin sponge. Two studies compared warfarin continuation with temporary discontinuation and found that continuation did not increase the risk of bleeding in patients who had an international normalized ratio (INR) within the therapeutic range.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with an INR within the therapeutic range can safely continue taking the regular dose of warfarin before dental extractions. There is no evidence to support or reject the superiority of local hemostatic agents over warfarin discontinuation.
Topics: Anticoagulants; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Hemostasis, Surgical; Humans; International Normalized Ratio; Oral Hemorrhage; Postoperative Hemorrhage; Tooth Extraction; Warfarin
PubMed: 26679334
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuropharmacology Sep 2019This study aims at determining the ability of clinical-based doses of four oral anticoagulants to transform the onset of a cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) burden into a...
This study aims at determining the ability of clinical-based doses of four oral anticoagulants to transform the onset of a cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) burden into a symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the healthy brain, and precipitate cognitive impairment. Wild-type mice were anticoagulated for 10 days using apixaban, rivaroxaban or dabigatran as direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), or warfarin as vitamin K-antagonist. Meanwhile, a burden of ∼20 CMHs was induced in the Sylvian territory by intra-carotid injection of cyclodextrin nanoparticles. At bleeding onset, only warfarin provoked deadly hematoma, and dramatically increased mortality (+45%). All the DOACs enhanced CMH burden through a greater number of intermediate-sized microhemorrhages (+80% to +180%). Although silent at onset, both baseline- and anticoagulant-enhanced CMH burdens increased mortality (+11% to +58%) along the following year without statistical difference among groups, and despite cessation of anticoagulation and absence of CMH progression or transformation into ICH. All survivor mice exhibited reduction in visual recognition memory from 9 months. In the healthy brain, DOACs preserve the onset of microhemorrhages from transformation into ICH, and do not precipitate cognitive impairment despite enhancement of CMH burden. High CMH burdens should however be considered for early detection and preventive memory care apart from anticoagulation decisions.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anticoagulants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cognition; Male; Memory; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microvessels
PubMed: 31132437
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.030