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Chimia Feb 2017This article describes the state-of-the-art in 2D and 3D tomographic mid-IR imaging and its current and potential applications in the imaging of material and biological...
This article describes the state-of-the-art in 2D and 3D tomographic mid-IR imaging and its current and potential applications in the imaging of material and biological systems with a focus on cells and tissues. 2D FTIR microscopy is first presented in terms of the basic experimental configurations of the technique, optics, data and image acquisition. This first section provides a basis for the ensuing discussion on 3D FTIR spectro-microtomography. In the second part, examples of 2D and 3D chemical imaging are given with a focus on the use of molecular chemical probes and probe-free applications, respectively.
Topics: Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Onions; Organic Chemicals; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Tomography
PubMed: 28259193
DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2017.32 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020The study focused on the determination of phenolic acids, flavonoids and organic acids in five tulip cultivars 'Barcelona', 'Columbus', 'Strong Gold', 'Super Parrot' and...
The study focused on the determination of phenolic acids, flavonoids and organic acids in five tulip cultivars 'Barcelona', 'Columbus', 'Strong Gold', 'Super Parrot' and 'Tropicana'. The cultivars grown in field and in a greenhouse were exposed after cutting to different times of storage (0, 3 and 6 days). The phenolic profile contained 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, salicylic, protocatechuic, -cinnamic, -coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, chlorogenic and sinapic acids, as well as quercetin, rutin, luteonin, catechin and vitexin. The mean phenolic acid content was in the following order: 'Columbus' and 'Tropicana' > 'Barcelona' > 'Strong Gold' > 'Super Parrot', while the levels of flavonoids were as follows: 'Strong Gold' > 'Barcelona' > 'Tropicana' > 'Columbus' > 'Super Parrot'. The highest content of phenolic acids was confirmed for Columbus and Tropicana, while the lowest was for Super Parrot. However total phenolic content was very similar, observed between the place of cultivation, time of storage and cultivars. Malonic, succinic, acetic and citric acids were the major organic acid components in tulip petals. More organic acids (except malonic) were accumulated in tulip petals from fields than those from the greenhouse, while changes during storage were strictly correlated with cultivars.
Topics: Acids; Agriculture; Crop Production; Flavonoids; Flowers; Food Analysis; Food Storage; Hydroxybenzoates; Organic Chemicals; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Plants, Edible; Time Factors; Tulipa
PubMed: 33260455
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235627 -
Environment International Aug 2023High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based non-target analysis coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is gaining momentum due to its ability to provide...
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based non-target analysis coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is gaining momentum due to its ability to provide complementary information which can be useful in the identification of unknown organic chemicals in support of efforts in unraveling the complexity of the chemical exposome. The chemical exposome in the marine environment, though not as well studied as its freshwater counterparts, is not foreign to chemical diversity specially when it comes to potentially bioaccumulative and bioactive polyhalogenated organic contaminants and natural products. In this work we present in detail how we utilized IMS-HRMS coupled with gas chromatographic separation and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) to annotate polyhalogenated organic chemicals in French bivalves collected from 25 sites along the French coasts. We describe how we used open cheminformatic tools to exploit isotopologue patterns, isotope ratios, Kendrick mass defect (Cl scale), and collisional cross section (CCS), in order to annotate 157 halogenated features (level 1: 54, level 2: 47, level 3: 50, and level 4: 6). Grouping the features into 11 compound classes was facilitated by a KMD vs CCS plot which showed co-clustering of potentially structurally-related compounds. The features were semi-quantified to gain insight into the distribution of these halogenated features along the French coast, ultimately allowing us to differentiate between sites that are more anthropologically impacted versus sites that are potentially biodiverse.
Topics: Ion Mobility Spectrometry; Mass Spectrometry; Organic Chemicals; Atmospheric Pressure; Fresh Water
PubMed: 37478678
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108094 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Nov 2022Pesticide risk assessment within the European Union Water Framework Directive is largely deficient in the assessment of the actual exposure and chemical mixture effects....
Pesticide risk assessment within the European Union Water Framework Directive is largely deficient in the assessment of the actual exposure and chemical mixture effects. Pesticide contamination, in particular herbicidal loading, has been shown to exert pressure on surface waters. Such pollution can have direct impact on autotrophic species, as well as indirect impacts on freshwater communities through primary production degradation. The present study proposes a screening method combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with mode of action-specific toxicity testing on microalgae exposed to POCIS extracts as a standard approach to effectively address the problem of herbicide mixture effects detection. This methodology has been tested using Luxembourgish rivers as a case study and has proven to be a fast and reliable information source that is complementary to chemical analysis, allowing assessment of missing target analytes. Pesticide pressure in the 24 analyzed streams was mainly exerted by flufenacet, terbuthylazine, nicosulfuron, and foramsulfuron, with occasional impacts by the nonagricultural biocide diuron. Algae tests were more sensitive to endpoints affecting photosystem II and reproduction than to growth and could be best predicted with the concentration addition model. In addition, analysis revealed that herbicide mixture toxicity is correlated with macrophyte disappearance in the field, relating mainly to emissions from maize cultures. Combining passive sampler extracts with standard toxicity tests offers promising perspectives for ecological risk assessment. The full implementation of the proposed approach, however, requires adaptation of the legislation to scientific progress. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2667-2678. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Topics: Humans; Herbicides; Environmental Monitoring; Microalgae; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Diuron; Photosystem II Protein Complex; Organic Chemicals; Pesticides; Toxicity Tests; Water; Disinfectants
PubMed: 35959884
DOI: 10.1002/etc.5461 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2019Soils contaminated with organic substances is an important issue across Europe: In some areas, these are the main causes of pollution, or the second after contamination...
Soils contaminated with organic substances is an important issue across Europe: In some areas, these are the main causes of pollution, or the second after contamination from waste disposal. This paper included an experimental application that compared three methods of remediation of contaminated sites, based on electric fields: A single treatment (electroremediation); and two combined treatments, phyto-electrochemical and electrooxidation (a combination of chemical treatment and a DCT-direct current technology). The contaminated soil was taken from a former industrial area devoted to oil refining, located between two roads: The one national and the other one for industrial use. Nine soil samples were collected at two depths (0.2 and 0.4 m). The initial characterization of the soil showed a density of 1.5 g/cm³ and a moisture of about 20%; regarding grain size, 50% of the soil had particles with a diameter less than 0.08 mm. The electrochemical treatment and electrooxidation had an efficiency of 20% while the two combined methods had efficiencies of 42.5% for electrooxidation (with HO) and 20% for phyto-electroremediation (phyto-ER) with poinsettias.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Europe; Organic Chemicals; Oxidation-Reduction; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 31480429
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173179 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014Emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have widely aroused public concern in recent years. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl... (Review)
Review
Emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have widely aroused public concern in recent years. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride/perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (POSF/PFOS) had been newly listed in Stockholm Convention in 2009, and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were listed as candidate POPs. Bohai Sea is located in the arms of numbers of industrial cities, the semienclosed location of which makes it an ideal sink of emerging pollutants. In the present paper, latest contamination status of emerging POPs in Bohai Sea was reviewed. According to the literature data, Bohai Sea areas are not heavily contaminated by emerging POPs (PBDE: 0.01-720 ng/g; perfluorinated compounds: 0.1-304 ng/g; SCCPs: 64.9-5510 ng/g; HBCDs: nd-634 ng/g). Therefore, humans are not likely to be under serious risk of emerging POPs exposure through consuming seafood from Bohai Sea. However, the ubiquitous occurrence of emerging POPs in Bohai Sea region might indicate that more work should be done to expand the knowledge about potential risk of emerging POPs pollution.
Topics: China; Geologic Sediments; Organic Chemicals; Seawater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 24688410
DOI: 10.1155/2014/608231 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2004This article describes three distinct strategies by which stereochemically complex molecules are synthesized and the ways asymmetric catalysis can impact on all three.... (Review)
Review
This article describes three distinct strategies by which stereochemically complex molecules are synthesized and the ways asymmetric catalysis can impact on all three. The development of general methods to prepare synthetically useful building blocks leads to an expanded "chiral pool" of potential starting materials for asymmetric synthesis. The possibility of discovering new reactions to access new types of building blocks is particularly attractive and serves to help define the frontiers of the field. Asymmetric catalysis can also be applied to diastereoselective synthesis such that the stereochemistry of the catalyst, and not that of the substrate, determines the relative configuration of the product. Finally, in reactions where multiple stereocenters are generated simultaneously or in tandem, catalyst and substrate control can operate in a complementary manner to achieve one of many possible stereochemical outcomes selectively.
Topics: Alkaloids; Alkenes; Alprostadil; Catalysis; Chemistry, Organic; Furans; Hexoses; Lactones; Organic Chemicals; Oxazoles; Polyenes; Pyrans; Pyrones; Spiro Compounds; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 15020767
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307893101 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2004Chirality of organic molecules plays an enormous role in areas ranging from medicine to material science, yet the synthesis of such entities in one enantiomeric form is... (Review)
Review
Chirality of organic molecules plays an enormous role in areas ranging from medicine to material science, yet the synthesis of such entities in one enantiomeric form is one of the most difficult challenges. The advances being made stem from the convergence of a broader understanding of theory and how structure begets function, the developments in the interface between organic and inorganic chemistry and, most notably, the organic chemistry of the transition metals, and the continuing advancements in the tools to help define structure, especially in solution. General themes for designing catalysts to effect asymmetric induction are helping to make this strategy more useful, in general, with the resultant effect of a marked enhancement of synthetic efficiency.
Topics: Alkylation; Carbon; Catalysis; Chemistry, Inorganic; Chemistry, Organic; Hydrogenation; Organic Chemicals; Oxidation-Reduction; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 14990801
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306715101 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... Sep 2010This paper reviews the formation mechanism and chemical safety of nonintentional chemical substances (NICS) present in chlorine-treated water containing organic... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the formation mechanism and chemical safety of nonintentional chemical substances (NICS) present in chlorine-treated water containing organic contaminants. Undesirable compounds, i.e., NICS, may be formed under certain conditions when chlorine reacts with organic matter. The rate and extent of chlorine consumption with organics are strongly dependent on their chemical structures, particularly whether double bonds or sulfur and nitrogen atoms occur in the molecules. Organothiophosphorus pesticides (P=S type) are easily oxidized to their phosphorus compounds (P=O type) in chlorinated water containing HOCl as little as 0.5 mg/l, resulting in an increase in cholinesterase-inhibitory activity. Chlorination of phenols in water also produces a series of highly chlorinated compounds, including chlorophenols, chloroquinones, chlorinated carboxylic acids, and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPPs). In some of these chloroquinones, 2,6-dichloroalkylsemiquinones exhibit a strong mutagenic response as do positive controls used in the Ames test. 2-phenoxyphenols in these PCPPs are particularly interesting, as they are present in the chlorine-treated phenol solution and they are also precursors (predioxins) of the highly toxic chlorinated dioxins. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found to undergo chemical changes due to hypochlorite reactions to give chloro-substituted PAHs, oxygenated (quinones) and hydroxylated (phenols) compounds, but they exhibit a lower mutagenic response. In addition, field work was performed in river water and drinking water to obtain information on chemical distribution and their safety, and the results are compared with those obtained in the model chlorination experiments.
Topics: Drug Residues; Food Additives; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; Halogenation; Mutagens; Organic Chemicals; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Phenols; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution
PubMed: 20823673
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.1157 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Mar 2016Land use type, physical and chemical stressors, and organic microcontaminants were investigated for their effects on the biological communities (biofilms and...
Land use type, physical and chemical stressors, and organic microcontaminants were investigated for their effects on the biological communities (biofilms and invertebrates) in several Mediterranean rivers. The diversity of invertebrates, and the scores of the first principal component of a PCA performed with the diatom communities were the best descriptors of the distribution patterns of the biological communities against the river stressors. These two metrics decreased according to the progressive site impairment (associated to higher area of agricultural and urban-industrial, high water conductivity, higher dissolved organic carbon and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations, and higher concentration of organic microcontaminants, particularly pharmaceutical and industrial compounds). The variance partition analyses (RDAs) attributed the major share (10%) of the biological communities' response to the environmental stressors (nutrients, altered discharge, dissolved organic matter), followed by the land use occupation (6%) and of the organic microcontaminants (2%). However, the variance shared by the three groups of descriptors was very high (41%), indicating that their simultaneous occurrence determined most of the variation in the biological communities.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biofilms; Biota; Invertebrates; Organic Chemicals; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Principal Component Analysis; Rivers; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 26803786
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.037