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New Solutions : a Journal of... Nov 2022Breastfeeding inequities by race are a persistent public health problem in the United States. Inequities in occupation and working conditions likely contribute to... (Review)
Review
Breastfeeding inequities by race are a persistent public health problem in the United States. Inequities in occupation and working conditions likely contribute to relatively less breastfeeding among Black compared to White mothers, yet little research has addressed these interrelationships. Here, we offer a critical review of the literature and a conceptual framework to guide future research about work and racial inequities in breastfeeding. There is a strong public health case for promoting breastfeeding equity for mothers across race groups and occupation types. Existing theory suggests that employment opportunities and working conditions are a likely pathway that connects structural racism to Black-White breastfeeding inequities, in addition to other known factors. We propose a new conceptual model for studying the interrelationships among work, race, and breastfeeding outcomes.
Topics: Female; United States; Humans; Racism; Breast Feeding; Racial Groups; Public Health
PubMed: 36113131
DOI: 10.1177/10482911221124558 -
Clinical Journal of the American... Feb 2022Black Americans and other racially and ethnically minoritized individuals are disproportionately burdened by higher morbidity and mortality from kidney disease when...
Black Americans and other racially and ethnically minoritized individuals are disproportionately burdened by higher morbidity and mortality from kidney disease when compared with their White peers. Yet, kidney researchers and clinicians have struggled to fully explain or rectify causes of these inequalities. Many studies have sought to identify hypothesized genetic and/or ancestral origins of biologic or behavioral deficits as singular explanations for racial and ethnic inequalities in kidney health. However, these approaches reinforce essentialist beliefs that racial groups are inherently biologically and behaviorally different. These approaches also often conflate the complex interactions of individual-level biologic differences with aggregated population-level disparities that are due to structural racism (, sociopolitical policies and practices that created and perpetuate harmful health outcomes through inequities of opportunities and resources). We review foundational misconceptions about race, racism, genetics, and ancestry that shape research and clinical practice with a focus on kidney disease and related health outcomes. We also provide recommendations on how to embed key equity-enhancing concepts, terms, and principles into research, clinical practice, and medical publishing standards.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Guidelines as Topic; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Racial Groups; Racism; United States
PubMed: 34789476
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.04890421 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2020Prior work finds a diversity paradox: Diversity breeds innovation, yet underrepresented groups that diversify organizations have less successful careers within them....
Prior work finds a diversity paradox: Diversity breeds innovation, yet underrepresented groups that diversify organizations have less successful careers within them. Does the diversity paradox hold for scientists as well? We study this by utilizing a near-complete population of ∼1.2 million US doctoral recipients from 1977 to 2015 and following their careers into publishing and faculty positions. We use text analysis and machine learning to answer a series of questions: How do we detect scientific innovations? Are underrepresented groups more likely to generate scientific innovations? And are the innovations of underrepresented groups adopted and rewarded? Our analyses show that underrepresented groups produce higher rates of scientific novelty. However, their novel contributions are devalued and discounted: For example, novel contributions by gender and racial minorities are taken up by other scholars at lower rates than novel contributions by gender and racial majorities, and equally impactful contributions of gender and racial minorities are less likely to result in successful scientific careers than for majority groups. These results suggest there may be unwarranted reproduction of stratification in academic careers that discounts diversity's role in innovation and partly explains the underrepresentation of some groups in academia.
Topics: Cultural Diversity; Faculty; Female; Humans; Inventions; Male; Minority Groups; Racial Groups; Racism; Science; Social Behavior
PubMed: 32291335
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915378117 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020In this review, we summarize ethnic/race- and age-related variation in AMH and discuss the underpinnings behind these differences. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
In this review, we summarize ethnic/race- and age-related variation in AMH and discuss the underpinnings behind these differences.
RECENT FINDINGS
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) has become a widely used method of ovarian reserve testing over the last 15 years. Numerous studies have shown substantial ethnic/race and age-related differences. When compared to age-matched Caucasian women, AMH levels tend to be lower in black and Hispanic women. Chinese women tend to have significantly greater AMH levels prior to age 25 than Caucasian women. When considering subpopulations within ethnicities, at least one study noted lower AMH levels among Maya women compared to other Hispanic women. Age exhibits a positive trend with AMH up until at least 25 years of age with a consistent decline after 34 years of age extending to menopause.
SUMMARY
AMH levels are highly variable among ethnicities and race with higher age-matched levels typically seen in Caucasian women. Age does not exhibit a consistent linear relationship with AMH, but a consistent decline is seen starting in the third decade of life and proceeding to menopause.
Topics: Age Factors; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Ovarian Reserve; Racial Groups
PubMed: 33633682
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.593216 -
JAMA Network Open Jul 2021Race-based discrimination represents an ongoing public health crisis in the US, manifested by wide-ranging disparities in youth health, mental health, and violence...
IMPORTANCE
Race-based discrimination represents an ongoing public health crisis in the US, manifested by wide-ranging disparities in youth health, mental health, and violence exposure. However, studies of racial discrimination often neglect experiences of identity-based bullying (IBB) stemming from other marginalized identities, such as gender identity and sexual orientation.
OBJECTIVE
To examine associations between experiences of IBB based on race/ethnicity/national origin and other social identities and youth health, mental health, and violence outcomes.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cross-sectional study analyzed responses from an anonymous survey conducted at 13 public high schools in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, between October 15, 2018, and October 19, 2018. Participants included in the study were in the 9th through 12th grades. Data were analyzed from October 15, 2020, to February 14, 2021.
EXPOSURES
Experiences of bullying and bullying perpetration based on race/ethnicity/national origin and other social identities (ie, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, physical or mental disability, immigration status, other unspecified reason).
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Youth health (delayed well care; forgone medical care; physical, mental, or emotional limitations), mental health (nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation), and violence involvement (weapon perpetration or survivorship, fighting, sexual assault, adolescent relationship abuse, experiencing homicide of friend or family member) were assessed using self-reported items modeled on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
RESULTS
Among 3939 participants, the mean (SD) age was 15.7 (1.3) years; 1380 students (36.3%) identified as Black/African American, 2086 (53.7%) as assigned female at birth, 1021 (32.6%) as belonging to a sexual minority group, and 313 (10.0%) as gender diverse. Among reported social identities, race/ethnicity-based experiences of bullying (375 students [9.5%]) and bullying perpetration (209 students [5.8%]) were the most common. Youth with multiple stigmatized identities experienced even higher rates of experiences of IBB and IBB perpetration. Specifically, the highest rates of IBB were reported by gender diverse Black and Hispanic youth. Experiencing IBB based on multiple stigmatized identities was associated with all outcomes, including delayed well care (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.20-1.65), forgone medical care (aOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.44-1.87), nonsuicidal self-injury (aOR, 2.86; 95% CI, 2.53-3.24), suicidal ideation (aOR, 2.49; 95% CI, 2.20-2.83), and greater violence involvement (experiencing violence: aOR, 2.90; 95% CI, 2.45-3.43; homicide survivorship: aOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06-1.33).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These results further encourage the development of youth health, mental health, and violence prevention programs that address experiences of bullying based on multiple marginalized identities.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Bullying; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Pennsylvania; Racial Groups; Racism; Schools; Sexual Behavior; Social Identification; Social Marginalization
PubMed: 34297076
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16364 -
Genes Feb 2022The role of genetics in determining measured differences in mean IQ between putative racial groups has been a focus of intense discussion and disagreement for more than...
The role of genetics in determining measured differences in mean IQ between putative racial groups has been a focus of intense discussion and disagreement for more than 50 years. While the last several decades of research have definitively demonstrated that genetic variation can influence measures of cognitive function, the inferences drawn by some participants in the controversy regarding the implications of these findings for racial differences in cognitive ability are highly dubious. Of equal importance, there is no compelling scientific rationale for focusing on and devoting substantial effort to determining mean differences in intelligence or other cognitive functions between groups with incompletely defined and dynamic (and therefore not definitively definable) boundaries.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Intelligence; Racial Groups
PubMed: 35205392
DOI: 10.3390/genes13020346 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 2006Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent...
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,399,790 new cancer cases and 564,830 deaths from cancer are expected in the United States in 2006. When deaths are aggregated by age, cancer has surpassed heart disease as the leading cause of death for those younger than age 85 since 1999. Delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates stabilized in men from 1995 through 2002, but continued to increase by 0.3% per year from 1987 through 2002 in women. Between 2002 and 2003, the actual number of recorded cancer deaths decreased by 778 in men, but increased by 409 in women, resulting in a net decrease of 369, the first decrease in the total number of cancer deaths since national mortality record keeping was instituted in 1930. The death rate from all cancers combined has decreased by 1.5% per year since 1993 among men and by 0.8% per year since 1992 among women. The mortality rate has also continued to decrease for the three most common cancer sites in men (lung and bronchus, colon and rectum, and prostate) and for breast and colon and rectum cancers in women. Lung cancer mortality among women continues to increase slightly. In analyses by race and ethnicity, African American men and women have 40% and 18% higher death rates from all cancers combined than White men and women, respectively. Cancer incidence and death rates are lower in other racial and ethnic groups than in Whites and African Americans for all sites combined and for the four major cancer sites. However, these groups generally have higher rates for stomach, liver, and cervical cancers than Whites. Furthermore, minority populations are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced stage disease than are Whites. Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Racial Groups; Sex Distribution; Survival Rate; United States
PubMed: 16514137
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.56.2.106 -
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority... Oct 2022The Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS) was developed to distinguish between process and content components of ethnic-racial identity (ERI). However, the affirmation subscale is...
OBJECTIVE
The Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS) was developed to distinguish between process and content components of ethnic-racial identity (ERI). However, the affirmation subscale is composed entirely of negatively worded items, measuring negative feelings about one's ethnic-racial group, rather than positive feelings as widely conceptualized. Addressing this gap, the present study examined the psychometric validity of a revised EIS with positively and negatively worded items to determine whether affirmation is best represented as a unidimensional construct, a bidimensional construct, or a combination of the two.
METHOD
The sample consisted of 280 college students (75.5% female; = 20.95 years; = 1.98 years). The largest ethnic-racial group consisted of Black or African Americans (68.2%), followed by Asian/Asian Americans (12.1%), Hispanic/Latinos (9.6%), and other ethnic-racial groups (10%).
RESULTS
Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for both unidimensionality and multidimensionality. Indeed, although positively worded and negatively worded items of "affirmation" loaded onto a general factor representing affirmation, there was still a significant amount of variance captured by the negative ERI affect specific factor, indicating the presence of multidimensionality. In addition, results indicated that negative ERI affect, over and above the general ERI affirmation factor, predicted psychosocial functioning.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study expands our understanding of the multidimensionality of ERI, highlighting the need for examination of how we measure ERI affect at the very least, and possibly how we conceptualize it within the broader ERI literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Female; Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Male; Social Identification; Ethnicity; Black or African American; Racial Groups; Asian
PubMed: 34291982
DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000485 -
Obstetrics and Gynecology Oct 2023To evaluate whether there are individual- and population-level associations between chronic hypertension and pregnancy complications, and to assess differences across...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether there are individual- and population-level associations between chronic hypertension and pregnancy complications, and to assess differences across seven racial-ethnic groups.
METHODS
This population-based study used linked vital statistics and hospitalization discharge data from all live and stillbirths in California (2008-2018), Michigan (2008-2020), Oregon (2008-2020), Pennsylvania (2008-2014), and South Carolina (2008-2020). We used multivariable log-binomial regression models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and population attributable risk (PAR) percentages with 95% CIs for associations between chronic hypertension and several obstetric and neonatal outcomes, selected based on prior evidence and pathologic pathways. We adjusted models for demographic factors (race and ethnicity, payment method, educational attainment), age, body mass index, obstetric history, delivery year, and state, and conducted analyses stratified across seven racial-ethnic groups.
RESULTS
The study included 7,955,713 pregnancies, of which 168,972 (2.1%) were complicated by chronic hypertension. Chronic hypertension was associated with several adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes, with the largest adjusted PAR percentages observed for preeclampsia with severe features or eclampsia (22.4; 95% CI 22.2-22.6), acute renal failure (13.6; 95% CI 12.6-14.6), and pulmonary edema (10.7; 95% CI 8.9-12.6). Estimated RRs overall were similar across racial-ethnic groups, but PAR percentages varied. The adjusted PAR percentages (95% CI) for severe maternal morbidity-a widely used composite of acute severe events-for people who were American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Latino, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, White, and Multiracial or Other were 5.0 (1.1-8.8), 3.7 (3.0-4.3), 9.0 (8.2-9.8), 3.9 (3.6-4.3), 11.6 (6.4-16.5), 3.2 (2.9-3.5), and 5.5 (4.2-6.9), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Chronic hypertension accounts for a substantial fraction of obstetric and neonatal morbidity and contributes to higher complication rates, particularly for people who are Black or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; American Indian or Alaska Native; Hypertension; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Black or African American; Hispanic or Latino; Asian; White; Health Status Disparities
PubMed: 37678888
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005342 -
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine :... Feb 2023This review summarizes race-based sleep health disparities between Asian Americans and other American racial groups and compares sleep outcomes between Asian American... (Review)
Review
STUDY OBJECTIVES
This review summarizes race-based sleep health disparities between Asian Americans and other American racial groups and compares sleep outcomes between Asian American subgroups disaggregated by ethnicity and ancestral national origin. The study identifies gaps in the existing literature, analyzes barriers to studying Asian American sleep, and recommends topics for future research.
METHODS
A PubMed review of research on adult Asian American sleep was conducted. The articles included utilized actigraphy, polysomnography, and questionnaires to gather sleep health metrics. Information from these articles included data on sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep disturbances, and sleep disorders.
RESULTS
Most aggregated studies find Asian American adults experiencing lower sleep duration and poorer sleep quality compared to non-Hispanic White Americans and comparable or slightly higher sleep duration compared to Black Americans. Within Asian Americans, first-generation immigrants report better sleep quality than subsequent generations. East Asian Americans may experience better sleep outcomes compared to Southeast Asian Americans. Obstructive sleep apnea is critically underreported in South Asian Americans.
CONCLUSIONS
Significantly more research is required in Asian American sleep disparities, specifically in South and Southeast Asian Americans. Sleep disparities between Asian Americans and other racial groups are impacted by perceived discrimination, poor mental health, and cultural attitudes toward sleep. The observed within-group disparities of Asian American sleep may be attributed to socioeconomic status and generational status/acculturation. Existing barriers to research include the model minority myth and lack of disaggregated racial sleep data.
CITATION
Nandagiri V, Vannemreddy S, Spector A. Sleep disparities in Asian Americans: a comprehensive review. . 2023;19(2):393-402.
Topics: Adult; Humans; United States; Asian; Ethnicity; Sleep; Hispanic or Latino; Racial Groups; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 36239044
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10330