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American Journal of Veterinary Research Dec 2002To determine effects of sedation achieved by xylazine (XYL) or acepromazine (ACE) on cardiopulmonary function and uterine blood flow in cows in late gestation.
OBJECTIVE
To determine effects of sedation achieved by xylazine (XYL) or acepromazine (ACE) on cardiopulmonary function and uterine blood flow in cows in late gestation.
ANIMALS
8 cows between 219 and 241 days of gestation.
PROCEDURE
Doses of ACE (0.02 mg/kg) or XYL (0.04 mg/kg) were administered IV. Measurements were obtained to determine cardiopulmonary effects and oxygen delivery to the uterus.
RESULTS
Heart rate was not significantly affected by administration of ACE, but it decreased markedly after administration of XYL. Uterine artery flow was decreased at all times by XYL and was always less than for ACE. Xylazine increased uterine vascular resistance through 30 minutes and caused reduced PaO2 and increased PaCO2 at all time periods. Acepromazine caused a 5% decrease in PaO2 only at 5 minutes. Xylazine reduced oxygen delivery by 59% at 5 minutes and 32% at 45 minutes. In contrast, ACE caused a nonsignificant reduction of oxygen delivery by 16% at 15 minutes and a return to baseline values by 45 minutes
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Xylazine markedly reduces flow and availability of oxygenated blood to the uterus, which may critically impair delivery of oxygen to the fetus at a stressful and important time of development or delivery. Acepromazine was associated with slight reductions of much shorter duration. When XYL is used to sedate pregnant cows, it could impose physiologic distress on the fetus and potentially increase fetal morbidity and mortality. When sedation of the dam is desirable, ACE could be an alternative to XYL.
Topics: Acepromazine; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cattle; Dopamine Antagonists; Female; Heart Rate; Hematocrit; Hemodynamics; Oxygen; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Respiration; Uterus; Xylazine
PubMed: 12492284
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1695 -
Annual International Conference of the... Nov 2021Intrapartum fetal well-being assessment relies on fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring. Studies have shown that FHR monitoring has a high false-positive rate for detecting...
Intrapartum fetal well-being assessment relies on fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring. Studies have shown that FHR monitoring has a high false-positive rate for detecting fetal hypoxia during labor and delivery. A transabdominal fetal pulse oximeter device that measures fetal oxygen saturation non-invasively through NIR light source and photodetectors could increase the accuracy of hypoxia detection. As light travels through both maternal and fetal tissue, photodetectors on the surface of mother's abdomen capture mixed signals comprising fetal and maternal information. The fetal information should be extracted first to enable fetal oxygen saturation calculation. A multi-detector fetal signal extraction method is presented in this paper where adaptive noise cancellation is applied to four mixed signals captured by four separate photodetectors placed at varying distances from the light source. As a result of adaptive noise cancellation, we obtain four separate FHR by peak detection. Weighting, outlier rejection and averaging are applied to these four fetal heart rates and a mean FHR is reported. The method is evaluated in utero on data collected from hypoxic lamb model. Ground truth for FHR is measured through hemodynamics. The results showed that using multi-detector fetal signal extraction gave up to 18.56% lower root-mean-square FHR error, and up to 57.87% lower maximum absolute FHR error compared to single-detector fetal signal extraction.
Topics: Animals; Female; Fetal Hypoxia; Heart Rate, Fetal; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Saturation; Pregnancy; Sheep
PubMed: 34891473
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630946 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020A clinical study was designed to record a wide range of physiological values from patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment in the Renal Unit of the Churchill Hospital...
A clinical study was designed to record a wide range of physiological values from patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment in the Renal Unit of the Churchill Hospital in Oxford. Video was recorded for a total of 84 dialysis sessions from 40 patients during the course of 1 year, comprising an overall video recording time of approximately 304.1 h. Reference values were provided by two devices in regular clinical use. The mean absolute error between the heart rate estimates from the camera and the average from two reference pulse oximeters (positioned at the finger and earlobe) was 2.8 beats/min for over 65% of the time the patient was stable. The mean absolute error between the respiratory rate estimates from the camera and the reference values (computed from the Electrocardiogram and a thoracic expansion sensor-chest belt) was 2.1 breaths/min for over 69% of the time for which the reference signals were valid. To increase the robustness of the algorithms, novel methods were devised for cancelling out aliased frequency components caused by the artificial light sources in the hospital, using auto-regressive modelling and pole cancellation. Maps of the spatial distribution of heart rate and respiratory rate information were developed from the coefficients of the auto-regressive models. Most of the periods for which the camera could not produce a reliable heart rate estimate lasted under 3 min, thus opening the possibility to monitor heart rate continuously in a clinical environment.
Topics: Aged; Algorithms; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Oximetry; Oxygen; Renal Dialysis; Respiratory Rate; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Video Recording; Vital Signs
PubMed: 33116150
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75152-z -
BioMed Research International 2020The current study investigated the effect of dipping tobacco (DT) use on arterial wall stiffness which is a known marker of increased risk of cardiovascular events.
BACKGROUND
The current study investigated the effect of dipping tobacco (DT) use on arterial wall stiffness which is a known marker of increased risk of cardiovascular events.
METHODS
A case-control study which included 101 adult males was carried out in Al-Shaab Teaching Hospital. Blood pressure and pulse wave analysis parameters were recorded in 51 DT users (study group) before and after 30 minutes of placing tobacco and in 50 nontobacco users (control group). Anthropometric measurements were collected using data collection sheet. Data were entered into a computer and analyzed by using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
At baseline measurements, heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group (66.15 ± 9.21 vs. 72.87 ± 10.13 beats/min; value ≤ 0.001). Subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (203.44 ± 30.34 vs. 179.11 ± 30.51%; value ≤ 0.001). Acute effects of DT compared to pretobacco dipping showed significant increase in HR (72.50 ± 10.89 vs. 66.15 ± 9.21 beats/min; value ≤ 0.001) and significant decrease in augmentation pressure (AP) (4.30 (2.30-8.00) vs. 3.30 (0.60-6.3) mmHg; value ≤ 0.001), ejection duration (ED) (271.65 ± 19.42 vs. 279.53 ± 20.47 ms; value ≤ 0.001), and SEVR (187.11 ± 29.81 vs. 203.44 ± 30.34; value ≤ 0.001). Linear regression analysis for AP predictor showed that only HR and AIx@75 affect and predict the values of AP (Beta ± SE; -0.242 ± 0.019, value ≤ 0.001; 0.685 ± 0.014, value ≤ 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Long-term use of DT was not associated with permanent changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Acute tobacco dipping caused an acute increase in heart rate and oxygen demands of myocardium.
Topics: Adult; Arteries; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Case-Control Studies; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Myocardium; Oxygen; Pulse Wave Analysis; Tobacco, Smokeless; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 33134386
DOI: 10.1155/2020/7382164 -
Croatian Medical Journal Apr 2018To compare regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) in the brain, intestine, and kidney between newborns with and without congenital heart defects (CHD).
AIM
To compare regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) in the brain, intestine, and kidney between newborns with and without congenital heart defects (CHD).
METHODS
This observational case-control study was conducted at the Neonatal Department of Children's Hospital Ljubljana between December 2012 and April 2014. It included 35 newborns with CHD and 30 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. CHD were assessed echocardiographically and divided into acyanotic and cyanotic group. RSO2 in the brain, intestine, and kidney was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Simultaneously, heart rate (HR), breathing frequency (BF), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) were recorded.
RESULTS
Newborns with CHD had significantly lower rSO2 in the left brain hemisphere (67±11% vs 76±8%, P=0.004), right brain hemisphere (68±11% vs 77±8%, P<0.001), and the kidney (68±13% vs 77±10%, P=0.015). RSO2 in the intestine did not significantly differ between the groups. HR, MAP, and Sao2 also did not differ between the groups, whereas BF was significantly higher in the CHD group (57±12 vs 39±10 breaths/min, P<0.001). Between cyanotic and acyanotic group, we found no significant differences in rSO2 of any tissue.
CONCLUSIONS
Monitoring tissue oxygenation by NIRS could enable a timely detection of hemodynamically important CHD.
Topics: Brain; Case-Control Studies; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Male; Oximetry; Oxygen; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
PubMed: 29740991
DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2018.59.71 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Jan 2002During exercise, pulse oximetry is problematic due to motion artifact and altered digital perfusion. New pulse oximeter technology addresses these issues and may offer... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
During exercise, pulse oximetry is problematic due to motion artifact and altered digital perfusion. New pulse oximeter technology addresses these issues and may offer improved performance. We simultaneously compared Nellcor N-395 (Oxismart XLTM) pulse oximeters with an RS-10 forehead sensor (RS-10), a D-25 digit sensor (D-25), and the Ivy 2000 (Masimo SETTM)/LNOP-Adt digit sensor (Ivy) to arterial blood oxygen saturation (Sa(O(2))) by cooximetry. Nine normal subjects, six athletes, and four patients with chronic disease exercised to maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2 max)) under various conditions [normoxia, hypoxia inspired oxygen fraction (FI(O(2))) = 0.125; hyperoxia, FI(O(2)) = 1.0]. Regression analysis for normoxia and hypoxic data was performed (n = 161 observations, Sa(O(2)) = 73-99.9%), and bias (B) and precision (P) were calculated. RS10 offered greater validity than the other two devices tested (y = 1.009x - 0.52, R(2) = 0.90, B+/-P = 0.3 +/- 2.5). Finger sensors had low precision and a significant negative bias (D-25: y = 1.004x - 2.327, R(2) = 0.52, B+/-P = -2.0 +/- 7.3; Ivy: y = 1.237x - 24.2, R(2) = 0.78, B+/-P = -2.0 +/- 5.2). Eliminating measurements in which heart rate differed by >10 beats/min from the electrocardiogram value improved precision minimally and did not affect bias substantially (B+/-P = 0.5 +/- 2.0, -1.8 +/- 8.4, and -1.25+/-4.33 for RS-10, D-25, and Ivy, respectively). Signal detection algorithms and pulse oximeter were identical between RS-10 and D-25; thus the improved performance of the forehead sensor is likely because of sensor location. RS-10 should be considered for exercise testing in which pulse oximetry is desirable.
Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Bicycling; Blood Gas Analysis; Electrocardiography; Exercise; Female; Heart Failure; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Fitness; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 11744656
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00409.2001 -
Journal of Animal Science Sep 2022Monitoring cardiovascular and respiratory measurements corresponds to the precision livestock farming (PLF) objective to continuously monitor and assess dairy cows'...
Monitoring cardiovascular and respiratory measurements corresponds to the precision livestock farming (PLF) objective to continuously monitor and assess dairy cows' welfare and health. Changes in heart rate, breathing rate, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) are valuable metrics in human and veterinary medicine to assess stress, pain, illness, and detect critical conditions. The common way to measure heart rate is either manually or with a stethoscope. Under research conditions, heart rate is usually measured with a sports watch chest belt. Breathing rate is obtained by counting the cow's flank movements which is a time-consuming and labor-intensive method that requires training and is prone to human error. No devices are available on the market that enable practical and easy pulse oximetry in farm animals. This study presents a wireless nose ring sensor system (NoRS) composed of thermal and photoplothysmography sensors that attach to the nostrils of four Holstein dairy cows. The NoRS's thermocouple measured the cow's nasal cavity air temperature; an optic sensor measured the IR (660 nm) and RED (660 nm) signals reflected from the cow's nasal septum. Breathing was calculated from the thermocouple signal's center frequency with a fast Fourier transformation or the signal peak count (i.e., oscillations). The breathing rate was compared to breathing observed by concurrently counting the flank movements. Heart rate and SpO2 were measured by integrated pulse oximetry and heart rate monitor module (MAX30101 TinyCircuit) assembled on the NoRS circuit. Heart rate was also measured with FFT and by counting the number of peaks from the optic sensor's raw IR and RED signals. These measures were compared to an off-the-shelf hand-held pulse oximeter's heart rate and SpO2 readings during the same time. The comparisons revealed highly significant correlations for the heart rate readings where the strength of the correlation was sensitive to the method. The correlation between breathing rate and the veterinarian's visual observations was low, albeit significant. Thus, inhale-exhale cycle counting constitutes a more precise approach than flank movement counts. The hand-held device's 96% SpO2 is compatible with near-saturation values expected in healthy cows. The mean NoRS SpO2 reading was 3% less. After further piloting under field conditions, the NoRS will require no animal restraining to automatically and continuously record cows' breathing rate, heart rate, and SpO2.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Farms; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Oximetry; Oxygen; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 35921498
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac240 -
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Mar 2023The management of the oxygenator can be prolonged in the long-term procedures especially during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for bridge to transplant or...
BACKGROUND
The management of the oxygenator can be prolonged in the long-term procedures especially during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for bridge to transplant or bridge to recovery. Long-term use often involves an overrun of the time of use with respect to certification of the oxygenating module of 14 days, for the maintenance of performance and efficiency of the oxygenator. The evaluation of the long-term oxygenator efficiency is complex and depends on the: patient pathology, ECMO configuration, the management of coagulation and anticoagulation, materials selection and circuit components, the structure, design and performance of the oxygenator. In this context we investgated the long-term performance of the A.L.ONE Eurosets ECMO oxygenator in relation to the parameters prodromal to replacement.
METHODS
We retrospectively collected eight years data from Anthea Hospital GVM Care & Research, Bari, Italy on the long-term use exceeding 14 days of Eurosets A.L.ONE ECMO Adult oxygenator in Polymetylpentene fiber, for ECMO procedures, including the procedures: Veno Arterial (VA) ECMO post-cardiotomy or not, veno-venous (VV) ECMO. The primary end points were the evaluation of Gas Transfer: oxygen partial pressure (PO) post oxygenator, Carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO) post oxygenator, the oxygen transfer across the oxygenator membrane V'O, differential CO content across oxygenator; Pressure monitoring: oxygenator pressure Drop in relation to Blood flow rate (BFR) (ΔP); Hematologic values: Hemoglobin, Fibrinogen, Platelets, aPTT, D-Dimer, LDH.
RESULTS
Nine VA ECMO patients who used the oxygenator for 18.5 days and two VV ECMO patients who used the oxygenators for 17.2 days on the seventeenth days reported average values PaO (267 ± 29 mmHg); PaCO (34 ± 4 mmHg) with gas blender values set to 3.8 ± 0.6 L/min of air and a FiO of 78 ± 5%; the transfer across the oxygenator membrane V'O was 189 ± 43 (ml/min/m). The mean peak of partial pressure of carbon dioxide from the gas exhaust of oxygenator (PCO) was 38 ± 4 mmHg; differential CO across the oxygenator "pre-oxygenator PCO-post-oxygenator PCO" (18 ± 6 mmHg); the mean blood flow rate (BFR) 4.5 ± 0.6 (L/minute); the pump revolution per minutes mean maximum rate was 4254 ± 345 (RPM); the mean pressure drop (ΔP) was 76 ± 12 mmHg; the mean peak of d-dimers (DDs) was 23.6 ± 0.8 mg / dL; the mean peak of LDH was 230 ± 55 (mg/dl); fibrinogen mean peak 223 ± 40 (mg/dl).
CONCLUSIONS
The performance of the Eurosets A.L.ONE ECMO Adult polymethylpentene fiber oxygenator in our experience has proven efficiency in terms of O uptake and CO removal, blood fluid dynamics, metabolic compensation and heat exchange in the long-term treatment. The device was safe without iatrogenic problems over a period of 14 days in the patients undergoing ECMO VA and in all patients undergoing VV ECMO with continuous administration of anticoagulation therapy.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Carbon Dioxide; Retrospective Studies; Oxygenators, Membrane; Oxygen
PubMed: 36998079
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02190-9 -
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine... Dec 2015To identify how acupressure on the acupoint Yintang (EX-HN 3) impacts oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and peripheral perfusion in term-born infants without underlying...
OBJECTIVE
To identify how acupressure on the acupoint Yintang (EX-HN 3) impacts oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and peripheral perfusion in term-born infants without underlying disease.
METHODS
Infants born between weeks 37 and 42 of gestation were included in this study. The polyclinic's neonatology room was noise-controlled and made half-dark to prevent the perfusion index from being confounded. A pulse oximeter was linked to the baby's left lower extremity. Acupressure was applied on Yintang (EX-HN 3) for 30 s clockwise, held for 30 s, and then acupressure was applied for another 30 s counterclockwise. The baby's SaO2, pulse rate, and perfusion index were recorded for each minute before and after acupressure.
RESULTS
When pre- and post-acupressure pulse rate values were compared, a significant decrease in pulse rate values after acupressure application was observed. When pre- and post-acupressure oxygen saturation values were compared, a significant increase in post-acupressure oxygen saturation was observed. In addition, peripheral perfusion increased significantly after acupressure.
CONCLUSION
Acupressure application has been used in traditional medicine for many years. However, it is not yet widely used in modern medicine. This study shows the impact of acupressure on neonatal skin perfusion, oxygen saturation, and pulse rate.
Topics: Acupressure; Acupuncture Points; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Male; Massage; Oxygen; Skin
PubMed: 26742308
DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30153-9 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Sportswear-type wearables with integrated inertial sensors and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes have been commercially developed. We evaluated the feasibility of using...
Sportswear-type wearables with integrated inertial sensors and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes have been commercially developed. We evaluated the feasibility of using a sportswear-type wearable with integrated inertial sensors and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes for evaluating exercise intensity within a controlled laboratory setting. Six male college athletes were asked to wear a sportswear-type wearable while performing a treadmill test that reached up to 20 km/h. The magnitude of the filtered tri-axial acceleration signal, recorded by the inertial sensor, was used to calculate the acceleration index. The R-R intervals of the ECG were used to determine heart rate; the external validity of the heart rate was then evaluated according to oxygen uptake, which is the gold standard for physiological exercise intensity. Single regression analysis between treadmill speed and the acceleration index in each participant showed that the slope of the regression line was significantly greater than zero with a high coefficient of determination (walking, 0.95; jogging, 0.96; running, 0.90). Another single regression analysis between heart rate and oxygen uptake showed that the slope of the regression line was significantly greater than zero, with a high coefficient of determination (0.96). Together, these results indicate that the sportswear-type wearable evaluated in this study is a feasible technology for evaluating physical and physiological exercise intensity across a wide range of physical activities and sport performances.
Topics: Exercise; Exercise Test; Feasibility Studies; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxygen; Walking; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35408192
DOI: 10.3390/s22072577