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Journal of Speech, Language, and... Nov 2022There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine...
PURPOSE
There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods used to quantify the morphology of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle can be applied to the PG. The secondary purpose is to provide preliminary data regarding the relationship between the LVP and PG muscles in children.
METHOD
Ten children between ages of 4 and 7 years participated in this study. Each participant was scanned using a nonsedated, child-friendly protocol with a T2-weighted, three-dimensional anatomical scan to obtain images of the oropharyngeal anatomy. Custom, oblique-coronal image planes were created to visualize and measure the LVP and PG muscles in their entirety from origin to insertion. Thermo Scientific Amira Software was used to obtain 2D measurements of PG muscle length, width, velar insertion distance, lingual insertion distance, and several angle measurements.
RESULTS
The PG ranged from 17.95 to 26.96 mm in length across participants. Velar insertion distance ranged from 17.22 to 30.95 mm. Lingual insertion distance ranged from 26.91 to 36.02 mm. Width ranged from 2.32 to 3.08 mm. The angle formed by the PG and LVP muscle planes ranged from 7.3° to 52.7°. The LVP insertion angle ranged from 42.5° to 75.9°. The PG insertion angle ranged from 16.9° to 52.3°.
CONCLUSIONS
MRI was successful in visualizing the PG muscle. The PG was consistent in size and shape within an individual participant but varied across the participant cohort.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Child; Palatal Muscles; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tongue; Software; Palate, Soft
PubMed: 36283682
DOI: 10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00303 -
BioMed Research International 2016The study was designed to determine the effect of dissection and reconstruction of palatal muscles on muscle morphology in cats. 27 cats were randomly divided into three...
The study was designed to determine the effect of dissection and reconstruction of palatal muscles on muscle morphology in cats. 27 cats were randomly divided into three groups according to the extent of muscle dissection from the palatal midline. All dissections were performed from the posterior border of the hard palate, and the muscles were allowed to reconstruct over time. The morphological features were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue sections, and ultrastructure was observed under a transmission electron microscope. As a result, no obvious differences were evident in the morphological features or ultrastructure of animals in the <1/3rd and 1/3rd-2/3rd area groups. In the >2/3rd area group, the muscles fibers were disordered and inflammatory cell infiltration and naïve muscle cells were found at one month after surgery. At the second and third month after surgery, the muscle fibers showed regular alignment, the naïve muscle fibers gradually matured, and the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells decreased. Muscle ultrastructure analysis revealed that myocommata were correctly aligned, and the Z line was more distinct. In conclusion, extensive dissection of palatal muscles does not result in fibrosis. Injury to oral musculature can be repaired and the musculature regenerated over time.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dissection; Male; Oral Surgical Procedures; Palatal Muscles; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27699171
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6807678 -
ELife Dec 2022The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice,...
The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice, myogenic progenitors migrate to discrete sites to form individual muscles. The detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. Using mouse levator veli palatini (LVP) development as a model, we systematically investigated how a distinct connective tissue subpopulation, perimysial fibroblasts, communicates with myogenic cells to regulate mouse pharyngeal myogenesis. Using single-cell RNAseq data analysis, we identified that TGF-β signaling is a key regulator for the perimysial fibroblasts. Loss of TGF-β signaling in the neural crest-derived palatal mesenchyme leads to defects in perimysial fibroblasts and muscle malformation in the soft palate in mice. In particular, Creb5, a transcription factor expressed in the perimysial fibroblasts, cooperates with TGF-β signaling to activate expression of . Moreover, Fgf18 supports pharyngeal muscle development and exogenous Fgf18 can partially rescue myogenic cell numbers in samples, illustrating that TGF-β-regulated Fgf18 signaling is required for LVP development. Collectively, our findings reveal the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling achieves its functional specificity in defining the perimysial-to-myogenic signals for pharyngeal myogenesis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; Palate, Soft; Muscles; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Muscle Development
PubMed: 36542062
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.80405 -
The American Journal of Medicine Mar 2000Cholera toxin horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP), a sensitive antegrade and retrograde tracer, is effective at labeling swallowing motoneurons and their dendritic fields... (Review)
Review
Cholera toxin horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP), a sensitive antegrade and retrograde tracer, is effective at labeling swallowing motoneurons and their dendritic fields within the nucleus ambiguus (NA), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and hypoglossal nucleus. Using this tracer to label motoneurons within the NTS demonstrates that palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal afferents overlap considerably within the interstitial and intermediate subnuclei. These afferents have a pattern of distribution within the NTS similar to the labeling observed after application of the same tracer to the superior laryngeal nerve. Esophageal afferents, however, terminate entirely within the central (NTScen) subnucleus and do not overlap their distribution with palatal, pharyngeal, or laryngeal afferents. Within the nodose ganglion (NG), sensory neurons projecting to the soft palate and pharynx are located superiorly, and those projecting to the esophagus and stomach are located inferiorly, an organization that indicates rostrocaudal positioning along the alimentary tract. Sensory neurons within the NG and NTS contain, among others, the major excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA). Both Glu and GABA help to coordinate esophageal peristalsis. Using pseudorabies virus as a transsynaptic tracer demonstrates the role of GABA and Glu as mediators of synaptic transmission within the swallowing central pattern generator, a fact further supported by the presence of specific receptors for each neurotransmitter within the NTScen. Anatomic studies using CT-HRP have been effective in revealing the total extent of extranuclear dendritic projections and the organization of dendrites within the confines of a nucleus; further studies have produced the following data. Motoneurons innervating the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and cervical esophagus have extensive dendrites that extend into the adjacent reticular formation with a distinct pattern for each muscle group. Motoneurons of the musculature active during the buccopharyngeal phase of swallowing (soft palate, pharynx, cricothyroid, and cervical esophagus) have extensive dendritic arborizations that terminate within the adjacent reticular formation of the NA. Swallowing premotor neurons located in the reticular formation surrounding the NA are active during the buccopharyngeal phase of swallowing. These data provide an anatomic basis for interaction of swallowing motoneurons with premotor neurons located in this area. Motoneurons innervating all levels of the esophagus are confined to the compact formation (NAc), whereas those motoneurons projecting to the pharynx and cricothyroid muscle are located in the semicompact formation (NAsc). The intrinsic laryngeal muscles were represented within the loose formation (NAI) and the heart within the external formation. In contrast, the dendrites of motoneurons projecting to the thoracic and subdiaphragmatic esophagus are confined to the NAc. Both the NAsc and NAc have extensive longitudinal bundling of dendrites within the confines of the nucleus, resulting in the formation of a rostrocaudal dendritic plexus where dendrites crisscross between bundles. Intranuclear bundling of dendrites is evident in the soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus and is lacking only for the cricothyroid muscle. Moreover, ventrolateral- and dorsomedial-oriented dendritic bundles are present within the NAsc. In contrast to the longitudinal dendritic bundles, the ventrolateral- and dorsomedial-oriented dendritic bundles exit the NAsc and penetrate the adjacent reticular formation. The extensive bundling of motoneuronal dendrites within the NA supports the hypothesis that these structures serve as networks for the generation of complex motor activities, such as swallowing.
Topics: Brain Stem; Deglutition; Efferent Pathways; Humans; Visceral Afferents
PubMed: 10718457
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00343-5 -
Commentary on "Bilateral cerebellar stroke presenting with acute dysphonia and late palatal tremor".Movement Disorders : Official Journal... Mar 2012
Topics: Dysphonia; Female; Humans; Palatal Muscles; Stroke; Tremor
PubMed: 22411847
DOI: 10.1002/mds.24915 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... Sep 2018To investigate how tongue volume reduction affects loads on surrounding bone surfaces produced by neuromuscular stimulation of the tongue.
PURPOSE
To investigate how tongue volume reduction affects loads on surrounding bone surfaces produced by neuromuscular stimulation of the tongue.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Of each pair of same-gender minipig siblings, 1 received tongue reduction and 1 underwent sham surgery. Either immediately (acute, 6 pairs) or 1 month (chronic, 5 pairs) after surgery, bone surface and/or suture strains and pressures were recorded from the following locations when the hypoglossal nerve trunk, hypoglossal nerve medial branch, hypoglossal nerve lateral branch, genioglossus, and styloglossus (SG) were electrically stimulated: 1) three rosette strain gauges on the premaxillary palatal surface (premaxilla [PM]) and lingual surfaces of the mandibular alveolus at anterior (mandibular incisor [MI]) and posterior (mandibular molar [MM]) locations; 2) two single-element strain gauges over the palatal surface of the premaxillary-maxillary suture and the lingual surface of the mandibular symphysis; and 3) two pressure transducers on the palatal surface of the maxilla (palatal process) and the lingual surface of the mandibular alveolus (mandibular corpus).
RESULTS
Compared with the sham animals in the acute study, reduction animals showed significantly decreased PM and MI strains, as well as palatal process pressure. With muscle contractions, mandibular symphysis and MM strains were enhanced significantly with a more dorsal orientation. In the chronic study, reduction animals showed decreased PM and increased MM strains. On comparison of chronic versus acute studies, PM, MI, and MM strains under SG stimulation were significantly smaller whereas MM strain was significantly larger under hypoglossal nerve trunk, hypoglossal nerve lateral branch, and SG stimulations.
CONCLUSIONS
Muscle contractions from a volume-reduced tongue produce lower and higher loads in the anterior and posterior mouth, respectively. However, although the effects on reducing loads in the anterior mouth are persisting over time, compensatory load enhancement in the posterior mouth diminishes owing to surgical healing.
Topics: Animals; Electric Stimulation; Mandible; Models, Animal; Muscle Contraction; Swine; Swine, Miniature; Tongue; Transducers, Pressure
PubMed: 29802814
DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.04.025 -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Dec 2022Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a gram positive bacteria. It has propensity to affect mainly...
Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a gram positive bacteria. It has propensity to affect mainly cardiac muscle and nervous system. To study the percentage, spectrum of patients with various neurological complications and the pattern of recovery in followed up confirmed cases of diphtheria. Single centre prospective analysis of neurological complications in diphtheria patients from June 2019 to September 2020 at SMS Medical College and hospital,Jaipur. In this study, 60 cases were included. Immunised cases were 60% (36 out of 60 cases) whereas unimmunised constituted the rest 40% (24 out of 60 cases). Neurological complications were observed in 15% of the cases (9 out of 60). Isolated palatal palsy was the most common complication (4 out of 9 cases, 44.44%), succeeded by lower limb LMN palsies (2 out of 9 cases, 22.22%) with unilateral facial nerve palsy, bilateral abductor palsy and paralytic ileus constituting the rest (1 out of 9 cases each, 11.11% each). Onset of complications ranged from 10 to 36 days whereas recovery was complete and without any residual sequelae between 60 to 240 days. Our study concluded that neurological complications form a sizeable portion of post diptheritic complications and carries good prognosis, hence timely diagnosis and differentiation from other neuropathies is a pre requisite for rational management and contact tracing.
PubMed: 36742785
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02706-6 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Dec 2012Children with a cleft in the soft palate have difficulties with speech, swallowing, and sucking. These patients are unable to separate the nasal from the oral cavity... (Review)
Review
Children with a cleft in the soft palate have difficulties with speech, swallowing, and sucking. These patients are unable to separate the nasal from the oral cavity leading to air loss during speech. Although surgical repair ameliorates soft palate function by joining the clefted muscles of the soft palate, optimal function is often not achieved. The regeneration of muscles in the soft palate after surgery is hampered because of (1) their low intrinsic regenerative capacity, (2) the muscle properties related to clefting, and (3) the development of fibrosis. Adjuvant strategies based on tissue engineering may improve the outcome after surgery by approaching these specific issues. Therefore, this review will discuss myogenesis in the noncleft and cleft palate, the characteristics of soft palate muscles, and the process of muscle regeneration. Finally, novel therapeutic strategies based on tissue engineering to improve soft palate function after surgical repair are presented.
Topics: Animals; Cleft Palate; Humans; Palatal Muscles; Palate, Soft; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Regeneration
PubMed: 22697475
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0049 -
Journal of Neurophysiology Jul 2013Infant mammalian feeding consists of rhythmic suck cycles and reflexive pharyngeal swallows. Although we know how oropharyngeal sensation influences the initiation and...
Infant mammalian feeding consists of rhythmic suck cycles and reflexive pharyngeal swallows. Although we know how oropharyngeal sensation influences the initiation and frequency of suck and swallow cycles, the role of palatal sensation is unknown. We implanted EMG electrodes into the mylohyoid muscle, a muscle active during suckling, and the thyrohyoid muscle, a muscle active during swallowing, in eight infant pigs. Pigs were then bottle-fed while lateral videofluoroscopy was simultaneously recorded from the electrodes. Two treatments were administered prior to feeding and compared with control feedings: 1) palatal anesthesia (0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride), and 2) palatal saline. Using the timing of mylohyoid muscle and thyrohyoid muscle activity, we tested for differences between treatment and control feedings for swallowing frequency and suck cycle duration. Following palatal anesthesia, four pigs could not suck and exhibited excessive jaw movement. We categorized the four pigs that could suck after palatal anesthesia as group A, and those who could not as group B. Group A had no significant change in suck cycle duration and a higher swallowing frequency after palatal saline (P = 0.021). Group B had significantly longer suck cycles after palatal anesthesia (P < 0.001) and a slower swallowing frequency (P < 0.001). Swallowing frequency may be a way to predict group membership, since it was different in control feedings between groups (P < 0.001). The qualitative and bimodal group response to palatal anesthesia may reflect a developmental difference. This study demonstrates that palatal sensation is involved in the initiation and frequency of suck and swallow cycles in infant feeding.
Topics: Animals; Deglutition; Electromyography; Maxillary Nerve; Nerve Block; Palate; Sucking Behavior; Swine
PubMed: 23636723
DOI: 10.1152/jn.00064.2013 -
Head & Face Medicine Mar 2008In this review article different interdisciplinary relevant applications of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in the head and face region are demonstrated. Patients with head... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In this review article different interdisciplinary relevant applications of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in the head and face region are demonstrated. Patients with head and face disorders of different etiology often suffer from disorders concerning their musculature (example: synkinesis in mimic muscles) or gland-secretion. This leads to many problems and reduces their quality of life. The application of BTA can improve movement disorders like blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, synkinesis following defective healing of the facial nerve, palatal tremor, severe bruxism, oromandibular dystonias hypertrophy of the masseter muscle and disorders of the autonomous nerve system like hypersalivation, hyperlacrimation, pathological sweating and intrinsic rhinitis.
CONCLUSION
The application of botulinum toxin type A is a helpful and minimally invasive treatment option to improve the quality of life in patients with head and face disorders of different quality and etiology. Side effects are rare.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Head; Humans; Movement Disorders; Neuromuscular Agents
PubMed: 18331633
DOI: 10.1186/1746-160X-4-5