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TheScientificWorldJournal 2022Palm oil production has increased significantly, specifically in Indonesia and Malaysia. However, this growth has raised environmental concerns due to the high discharge... (Review)
Review
Palm oil production has increased significantly, specifically in Indonesia and Malaysia. However, this growth has raised environmental concerns due to the high discharge of empty fruit bunches, palm oil mill effluents, and other solid wastes. Therefore, this study aims to examine the treatment of palm oil waste by composting and systematically review insights into its application through a systematic literature review approach. Among the 1155 articles, a total of 135 were selected for a systematic review of palm oil waste management developments and their applications, while 14 were used for determining compost quality according to the criteria and requirements established in the systematic literature review. Moreover, using Egger's test, JAMOVI 1.6.23 software was used to analyze random effects models with 95% confidence intervals and publication bias. The results showed that palm oil waste was optimally treated by composting, which is considered as a sustainable technology for protecting the environment, human safety, and economic value. The in-vessel method with a controlled composting chamber is the best system with a minimum time of 14 days. However, it requires tight control and provides a final product with a high microbial colony form outdoors and indoors compared to the windrow system. This study is useful to see the bias of research results and helps to find new studies that need to be developed, especially in this case related to the management of palm oil waste into organic compost fertilizer and its application methods in the field. It is suggested that applying palm oil waste or compost is mainly performed by mulching. In contrast, new challenges for better processing to produce organic fertilizers and applicable technologies for sustainable waste management are recommended. The method must be affordable, efficient, and practical, combining compost quality with maximum nutrient recovery.
Topics: Humans; Composting; Palm Oil; Soil; Waste Management; Fertilizers
PubMed: 36408196
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5073059 -
BMC Genomics Jan 2022Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is an important vegetable oil-yielding plant. Somatic embryogenesis is a promising method to produce large-scale elite clones to meet...
BACKGROUND
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is an important vegetable oil-yielding plant. Somatic embryogenesis is a promising method to produce large-scale elite clones to meet the demand for palm oil. The epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications have emerged as critical factors during somatic embryogenesis. These histone modifications are associated with the regulation of various genes controlling somatic embryogenesis. To date, none of the information is available on the histone modification gene (HM) family in oil palm.
RESULTS
We reported the identification of 109 HM gene family members including 48 HMTs, 27 HDMs, 13 HATs, and 21 HDACs in the oil palm genome. Gene structural and motif analysis of EgHMs showed varied exon-intron organization and with conserved motifs among them. The identified 109 EgHMs were distributed unevenly across 16 chromosomes and displayed tandem duplication in oil palm genome. Furthermore, relative expression analysis showed the differential expressional pattern of 99 candidate EgHM genes at different stages (non-embryogenic, embryogenic, somatic embryo) of somatic embryogenesis process in oil palm, suggesting the EgHMs play vital roles in somatic embryogenesis. Our study laid a foundation to understand the regulatory roles of several EgHM genes during somatic embryogenesis.
CONCLUSIONS
A total of 109 histone modification gene family members were identified in the oil palm genome via genome-wide analysis. The present study provides insightful information regarding HM gene's structure, their distribution, duplication in oil palm genome, and also their evolutionary relationship with other HM gene family members in Arabidopsis and rice. Finally, our study provided an essential role of oil palm HM genes during somatic embryogenesis process.
Topics: Arecaceae; Embryonic Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Histone Code; Palm Oil; Plant Proteins; Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques
PubMed: 34983381
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08245-2 -
Journal of Oleo Science Dec 2021Oxidative stress occurs due to the imbalance amount of the free radicals and antioxidants in human body which often associated with numerous chronic diseases. The... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Oxidative stress occurs due to the imbalance amount of the free radicals and antioxidants in human body which often associated with numerous chronic diseases. The antioxidant properties of red palm-pressed mesocarp olein (PPMO) have not been widely studied. Therefore, antioxidant properties of PPMO relative to commercially available edible oils, namely red palm olein (RPO), palm olein (PO), extra virgin olive oil (OO) and extra virgin coconut oil (CNO) were studied. PPMO exhibited significant higher phytonutrients which more than 2-fold compared to the edible oils. Overall, antioxidant screening indicated that PPMO has significantly higher antioxidant activities than RPO, PO and CNO in term of DPPH, HO, NO scavenging and FIC; and significantly higher HO and FIC than OO. The outcomes of this study reveal that PPMO is as good as commercially available edible oil, also a good source for food applications and dietary nutritional supplements. More importantly, the utilization of PPMO could mitigate oil palm waste problem and results in positive environmental impact.
Topics: Antioxidants; Coconut Oil; Dietary Supplements; Free Radical Scavengers; Olive Oil; Palm Oil; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 34759109
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21147 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2018Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is a key tropical oil crop, which provides over one third of the global vegetable oil production, but few genes related to oil yield...
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is a key tropical oil crop, which provides over one third of the global vegetable oil production, but few genes related to oil yield have been characterized. In this study, a GDSL esterase/lipase gene, which was significantly associated with oil content, was isolated from oil palm and designated as EgGDSL. Its functional characterization was carried out through ectopic expression in Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0. It was shown that expression of EgGDSL in Arabidopsis led to the increased total fatty acid content by 9.5% compared with the wild type. Further analysis of the fatty acid composition revealed that stearic acid (18:0) increased in the seeds of the transgenic lines, but the levels of linoleic acid (18:2) plus 11-eicosenoic acid drastically declined. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed that in oil palm, EgGDSL was highly expressed in mesocarp followed by leaf, and the expression level was very low in the root. The expression level of EgGDSL gene began to increase at two months after flowering (MAF) and reached its peak by four MAF, then declined rapidly, and reached its lowest level during the mature period (6 MAF). The EgGDSL gene was more highly expressed in oil palm trees with high oil content than that with low oil content, demonstrating that the transcription level of EgGDSL correlated with the amount of oil accumulation. The gene may be valuable for engineering fatty acid metabolism in crop improvement programmes and for marker-assisted breeding.
Topics: Amino Acid Motifs; Arabidopsis; Arecaceae; Cloning, Molecular; Fatty Acids; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Genetic Association Studies; Palm Oil; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; RNA, Messenger; Seeds
PubMed: 30061629
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29492-6 -
BMC Plant Biology Nov 2019Legitimacy in breeding and commercial crop production depends on optimised protocols to ensure purity of crosses and correct field planting of material. In oil palm, the...
BACKGROUND
Legitimacy in breeding and commercial crop production depends on optimised protocols to ensure purity of crosses and correct field planting of material. In oil palm, the presence of three fruit forms permits these assumptions to be tested, although only after field planting. The presence of incorrect fruit forms in a cross is a clear sign of illegitimacy. Given that tenera forms produce 30% more oil for the same weight of fruit as dura, the presence of low levels of dura contamination can have major effect during the economic lifespan of an oil palm, which is around 25 years. We evaluated two methods for legitimacy test 1) The use of SHELL markers to the gene that determines the shell-thickness trait 2) The use of SNP markers, to determine the legitimacy of the cross.
RESULTS
Our results indicate that the SHELL markers can theoretically reduce the major losses due to dura contamination of tenera planting material. However, these markers cannot distinguish illegitimate tenera, which reduces the value of having bred elite tenera for commercial planting and in the breeding programme, where fruit form is of limited utility, and incorrect identity could lead to significant problems. We propose an optimised approach using SNPs for routine quality control.
CONCLUSIONS
Both dura and tenera contamination can be identified and removed at or before the nursery stage. An optimised legitimacy assay using SNP markers coupled with a suitable sampling scheme is now ready to be deployed as a standard control for seed production and breeding in oil palm. The same approach will also be an effective solution for other perennial crops, such as coconut and date palm.
Topics: Arecaceae; Genetic Markers; Genome, Plant; Palm Oil; Plant Breeding; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Seeds
PubMed: 31690276
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2062-x -
PloS One 2021Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) germplasm is exclusively maintained as ex situ living collections in the field for genetic conservation and evaluation. However, this is not...
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) germplasm is exclusively maintained as ex situ living collections in the field for genetic conservation and evaluation. However, this is not for long term and the maintenance of field genebanks is expensive and challenging. Large area of land is required and the germplasms are exposed to extreme weather conditions and casualty from pests and diseases. By using 107 SSR markers, this study aimed to examine the genetic diversity and relatedness of 186 palms from a Nigerian-based oil palm germplasm and to identify core collection for conservation. On average, 8.67 alleles per SSR locus were scored with average effective number of alleles per population ranging from 1.96 to 3.34 and private alleles were detected in all populations. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.576 ranging from 0.437 to 0.661 and the Wright's fixation index calculated was -0.110. Overall moderate genetic differentiation among populations was detected (mean pairwise population FST = 0.120, gene flow Nm = 1.117 and Nei's genetic distance = 0.466) and this was further confirmed by AMOVA analysis. UPGMA dendogram and Bayesian structure analysis concomitantly clustered the 12 populations into eight genetic groups. The best core collection assembled by Core Hunter ver. 3.2.1 consisted of 58 palms accounting for 31.2% of the original population, which was a smaller core set than using PowerCore 1.0. This core set attained perfect allelic coverage with good representation, high genetic distance between entries, and maintained genetic diversity and structure of the germplasm. This study reported the first molecular characterization and validation of core collections for oil palm field genebank. The established core collection via molecular approach, which captures maximum genetic diversity with minimum redundancy, would allow effective use of genetic resources for introgression and for sustainable oil palm germplasm conservation. The way forward to efficiently conserve the field genebanks into next generation without losing their diversity was further discussed.
Topics: Alleles; Arecaceae; Bayes Theorem; Genetic Variation; Microsatellite Repeats; Palm Oil
PubMed: 34324602
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255418 -
Scientific Data Mar 2021In recent decades, global oil palm production has shown an abrupt increase, with almost 90% produced in Southeast Asia alone. To understand trends in oil palm plantation...
In recent decades, global oil palm production has shown an abrupt increase, with almost 90% produced in Southeast Asia alone. To understand trends in oil palm plantation expansion and for landscape-level planning, accurate maps are needed. Although different oil palm maps have been produced using remote sensing in the past, here we use Sentinel 1 imagery to generate an oil palm plantation map for Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand for the year 2017. In addition to location, the age of the oil palm plantation is critical for calculating yields. Here we have used a Landsat time series approach to determine the year in which the oil palm plantations are first detected, at which point they are 2 to 3 years of age. From this, the approximate age of the oil palm plantation in 2017 can be derived.
Topics: Agriculture; Arecaceae; Geographic Mapping; Indonesia; Malaysia; Palm Oil; Thailand
PubMed: 33785753
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00867-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2019Synthetic therapeutic drugs for asthma, a chronic airway inflammation characterised by strong eosinophil, mast cell, and lymphocyte infiltration, mucus hyper-production,...
Synthetic therapeutic drugs for asthma, a chronic airway inflammation characterised by strong eosinophil, mast cell, and lymphocyte infiltration, mucus hyper-production, and airway hyper-responsiveness, exhibit numerous side effects. Alternatively, the high antioxidant potential of palm oil phytonutrients, including vitamin E (tocotrienol-rich fractions; TRF) and carotene, may be beneficial for alleviating asthma. Here, we determined the therapeutic efficacy of TRF, carotene, and dexamethasone in ovalbumin-challenged allergic asthma in Brown Norway rats. Asthmatic symptoms fully developed within 8 days after the second sensitization, and were preserved throughout the time course via intranasal ovalbumin re-challenge. Asthmatic rats were then orally administered 30 mg/kg body weight TRF or carotene. TRF-treated animals exhibited reduced inflammatory cells in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. TRF- and carotene-treated rats exhibited notable white blood cell reduction comparable to that from dexamethasone. TRF- and carotene-treatment also downregulated pro-inflammatory markers (IL-β, IL-6, TNF-α), coincident with anti-inflammatory marker IL-4 and IL-13 upregulation. Treatment significantly reduced asthmatic rat plasma CRP and IgE, signifying improved systemic inflammation. Asthmatic lung histology displayed severe edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchial wall, whereas treated animals retained healthy, normal-appearing lungs. The phytonutrients tocotrienol and carotene thus exhibit potential benefits for consumption as nutritional adjuncts in asthmatic disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Asthma; Carotenoids; Cytokines; Female; Male; Ovalbumin; Palm Oil; Rats; Tocotrienols
PubMed: 30974772
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071764 -
BMC Genomics May 2021The white-rot fungi in the genus Ganoderma interact with both living and dead angiosperm tree hosts. Two Ganoderma species, a North American taxon, G. zonatum and an...
BACKGROUND
The white-rot fungi in the genus Ganoderma interact with both living and dead angiosperm tree hosts. Two Ganoderma species, a North American taxon, G. zonatum and an Asian taxon, G. boninense, have primarily been found associated with live palm hosts. During the host plant colonization process, a massive transcriptional reorganization helps the fungus evade the host immune response and utilize plant cell wall polysaccharides.
RESULTS
A publicly available transcriptome of G. boninense - oil palm interaction was surveyed to profile transcripts that were differentially expressed in planta. Ten percent of the G. boninense transcript loci had altered expression as it colonized oil palm plants one-month post inoculation. Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), particularly those with a role in lignin degradation, and auxiliary enzymes that facilitate lignin modification, like cytochrome P450s and haloacid dehalogenases, were up-regulated in planta. Several lineage specific proteins and secreted proteins that lack known functional domains were also up-regulated in planta, but their role in the interaction could not be established. A slowdown in G. boninense respiration during the interaction can be inferred from the down-regulation of proteins involved in electron transport chain and mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, pathogenicity related genes and chitin degradation machinery were down-regulated during the interaction indicating G. boninense may be evading detection by the host immune system.
CONCLUSIONS
This analysis offers an overview of the dynamic processes at play in G. boninense - oil palm interaction and provides a framework to investigate biology of Ganoderma fungi across plantations and landscape.
Topics: Arecaceae; Ganoderma; Immunity; Lignin; Palm Oil; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 33952202
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07644-9 -
Food Chemistry Dec 2021Crude palm oil (CPO) is extracted from the mesocarp of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits. CPO is widely consumed in many African countries. Due to its high provitamin...
Crude palm oil (CPO) is extracted from the mesocarp of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits. CPO is widely consumed in many African countries. Due to its high provitamin A carotenoid content, it is also widely used in programmes designed to prevent vitamin A deficiency. Elaeis guineensis occurs naturally across a wide geographical range in Africa. We investigated the carotene, tocochromanol (vitamin E) and fatty acid composition of a large set of genotypes representative of this genetic and geographic diversity. We found considerable intraspecific diversity in most lipid traits. Populations from Côte d'Ivoire were distinguished from other origins by their very low palmitate content and high tocochromanol content. Genotypes from Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria were characterized by high carotene contents. Finally, hybrids of crosses between genotypes from Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria produce CPO with exceptionally high provitamin A and vitamin E contents together with low palmitate content.
Topics: Arecaceae; Carotenoids; Fatty Acids; Nigeria; Palm Oil; Petroleum
PubMed: 34329876
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130638