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American Journal of Physiology.... Apr 2015In this review we summarize the role of inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease with a focus on acute pancreatitis where much recent progress has been made.... (Review)
Review
In this review we summarize the role of inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease with a focus on acute pancreatitis where much recent progress has been made. New findings have identified inducers of and cell specificity of inflammasome component expression in the pancreas, the contribution of inflammasome-regulated effectors to pancreatitis, and metabolic regulation of inflammasome activation, which are strong determinants of injury in pancreatitis. New areas of pancreatic biology will be highlighted in the context of our evolving understanding of gut microbiome- and injury-induced inflammasome priming, pyroptosis, and innate immune-mediated regulation of cell metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammasomes; Inflammation Mediators; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25700081
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2014 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Jul 2024As a pluripotent cell, activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) can differentiate into various pancreatic parenchymal cells and participate in the secretion of... (Review)
Review
As a pluripotent cell, activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) can differentiate into various pancreatic parenchymal cells and participate in the secretion of extracellular matrix and the repair of pancreatic damage. Additionally, PSCs characteristics allow them to contribute to pancreatic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Moreover, a detailed study of the pathogenesis of activated PSCs in pancreatic disease can offer promise for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies and improved patient prognoses. Therefore, the present study review aimed to examine the involvement of activated PSCs in pancreatic diseases and elucidate the underlying mechanisms to provide a viable therapeutic strategy for the management of pancreas‑related diseases.
Topics: Humans; Pancreatic Stellate Cells; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Cell Differentiation; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 38695254
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13233 -
Current Opinion in Gastroenterology Sep 2021Diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases (i.e., acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer) is increasingly studied, but remains challenging to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases (i.e., acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer) is increasingly studied, but remains challenging to distinguish from type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We review the clinical significance and potential biomarkers that may help differentiate these types of diabetes.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent studies have identified several complications (including nonvascular) that occur more frequently in patients with diabetes secondary to acute and chronic pancreatitis than T2DM, and biomarkers to differentiate these types of diabetes. There have been advances that may enable the enrichment of a population of adults with new onset diabetes to potentially screen for occult pancreatic cancer, but efforts are needed to identify and validate promising diagnostic biomarkers.
SUMMARY
High-quality studies are needed to more precisely understand the risk factors and natural course of diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases. Mechanistic and interventional studies are awaited to provide insights that will distinguish diabetes secondary to pancreatic diseases and refine the management of hyperglycemia in this patient population.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis
PubMed: 34265796
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000754 -
Gastroenterology Jun 2011Autophagy is a lysosomal pathway that degrades and recycles intracellular organelles and proteins to maintain energy homeostasis during times of nutrient deprivation and... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a lysosomal pathway that degrades and recycles intracellular organelles and proteins to maintain energy homeostasis during times of nutrient deprivation and to remove damaged cell components. Recent studies have identified new functions for autophagy under basal and stressed conditions. In the liver and pancreas, autophagy performs the standard functions of degrading mitochondria and aggregated proteins and regulating cell death. In addition, autophagy functions in these organs to regulate lipid accumulation in hepatic steatosis, trypsinogen activation in pancreatitis, and hepatitis virus replication. This review discusses the effects of autophagy on hepatic and pancreatic physiology and the contribution of this degradative process to diseases of these organs. The discovery of novel functions for this lysosomal pathway has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases in the liver and pancreas and suggested new possibilities for their treatment.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Lysosomes; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21530520
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.038 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Mar 2020Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been used since the mid-1980s. Initially a diagnostic tool, it has since evolved into a therapeutic, minimally invasive surgical... (Review)
Review
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been used since the mid-1980s. Initially a diagnostic tool, it has since evolved into a therapeutic, minimally invasive surgical tool with significant impact on the diagnosis and management of a range of benign and malignant conditions. The authors review current indications, safety, and efficacy of EUS for diseases of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, posterior mediastinum, pancreas, bile duct, gallbladder, retroperitoneum, liver, adrenal glands, and kidneys.
Topics: Biliary Tract Diseases; Endosonography; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Pancreatic Diseases
PubMed: 32127442
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.19003 -
Digestive Endoscopy : Official Journal... Jan 2021Novel artificial intelligence techniques are emerging in all fields of healthcare, including gastroenterology. The aim of this review is to give an overview of... (Review)
Review
Novel artificial intelligence techniques are emerging in all fields of healthcare, including gastroenterology. The aim of this review is to give an overview of artificial intelligence applications in the management of pancreatic diseases. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed and Medline up to May 2020 to identify relevant articles. Our results showed that the development of machine-learning based applications is rapidly evolving in the management of pancreatic diseases, guiding precision medicine in clinical, endoscopic and radiologic settings. Before implementation into clinical practice, further research should focus on the external validation of novel techniques, clarifying the accuracy and robustness of these models.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Gastroenterology; Humans; Machine Learning; Pancreatic Diseases; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 33065754
DOI: 10.1111/den.13875 -
Cancer Treatment Reviews Jul 2015Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate interactions between environmental stimuli and innate immunity. TLRs play a major role in the development of numerous pancreatic... (Review)
Review
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate interactions between environmental stimuli and innate immunity. TLRs play a major role in the development of numerous pancreatic diseases, making these molecules attractive as potential therapeutic targets. TLR2, TLR7 and TLR9 are involved in the initiation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), whereas TLR2 and TLR4 play a major role in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, TLRs cause derangements in several tumor suppressor proteins (such as p16, p21, p27, p53 and pRb), induce STAT3 activation and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition as well as oncogene-induced senescence. In this review we will focus on the contribution of TLRs in pancreatic disease including cancer and we describe recent progress in TLR-modulation for the treatment of these patients.
Topics: Humans; Pancreatic Diseases; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 26036357
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.004 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2018Gut microbiota is key to the development and modulation of the mucosal immune system. It plays a central role in several physiological functions, in the modulation of... (Review)
Review
Gut microbiota is key to the development and modulation of the mucosal immune system. It plays a central role in several physiological functions, in the modulation of inflammatory signaling and in the protection against infections. In healthy states, there is a perfect balance between commensal and pathogens, and microbiota and the immune system interact to maintain gut homeostasis. The alteration of such balance, called dysbiosis, determines an intestinal bacterial overgrowth which leads to the disruption of the intestinal barrier with systemic translocation of pathogens. The pancreas does not possess its own microbiota, and it is believed that inflammatory and neoplastic processes affecting the gland may be linked to intestinal dysbiosis. Increasing research evidence testifies a correlation between intestinal dysbiosis and various pancreatic disorders, but it remains unclear whether dysbiosis is the cause or an effect. The analysis of specific alterations in the microbiome profile may permit to develop novel tools for the early detection of several pancreatic disorders, utilizing samples, such as blood, saliva, and stools. Future studies will have to elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbiota is modulated and how it tunes the immune system, in order to be able to develop innovative treatment strategies for pancreatic disorders.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immune System; Microbiota; Pancreatic Diseases
PubMed: 29563853
DOI: 10.1155/2018/7946431 -
Radiologia 2018In addition to the classical morphological evaluation of pancreatic disease, the constant technological advances in imaging techniques based fundamentally on computed... (Review)
Review
In addition to the classical morphological evaluation of pancreatic disease, the constant technological advances in imaging techniques based fundamentally on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have enabled the quantitative functional and molecular evaluation of this organ. In many cases, this imaging-based information results in substantial changes to patient management and can be a fundamental tool for the development of biomarkers. The aim of this article is to review the role of emerging functional and molecular techniques based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of pancreatic disease.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreatic Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 30236460
DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2018.07.004 -
Outcome of stenting in biliary and pancreatic benign and malignant diseases: A comprehensive review.World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2015Endoscopic stenting has become a widely method for the management of various malignant and benign pancreatico-biliary disorders. Biliary and pancreatic stents are... (Review)
Review
Endoscopic stenting has become a widely method for the management of various malignant and benign pancreatico-biliary disorders. Biliary and pancreatic stents are devices made of plastic or metal used primarily to establish patency of an obstructed bile or pancreatic duct and may also be used to treat biliary or pancreatic leaks, pancreatic fluid collections and to prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. In this review, relevant literature search and expert opinions have been used to evaluate the outcome of stenting in biliary and pancreatic benign and malignant diseases.
Topics: Biliary Tract Diseases; Biliary Tract Neoplasms; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Humans; Metals; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Plastics; Prosthesis Design; Stents; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26290631
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9038