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BMC Psychology Jun 2022Panic disorder is a debilitating anxiety disorder that has a serious impact on adolescents' social and academic functioning and general wellbeing. Panic disorder is...
BACKGROUND
Panic disorder is a debilitating anxiety disorder that has a serious impact on adolescents' social and academic functioning and general wellbeing. Panic disorder is experienced by around 1 to 3% of the adolescent population. The aim of this study was to examine adolescents' experiences of having panic disorder.
METHODS
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight adolescents with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to gain an understanding of adolescents' lived experience of panic disorder.
RESULTS
Two superordinate themes were identified: (1) Drowning in sensations, and (2) An unacceptable self. The findings show that adolescents experience panic disorder as extremely overwhelming and unpleasant, with debilitating feelings of drowning in sensations. Adolescents' experiences largely fit with the cognitive model of panic, in which catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations is associated with anxiety, avoidance, and safety behaviours, creating a vicious cycle. Attempts to avoid or prevent the attacks appear to inadvertently make them worse. Social worries, feeling broadly misunderstood, and unhelpful responses from others, contributed to feelings of being different or abnormal and were connected to a negative self-concept. Negative social interactions with teachers and peers in the school environment were particularly damaging.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings offer new insight into these adolescents' lived experience of panic disorder and highlight the need for adolescents to access timely, evidence-based treatment, as well as the need for increased awareness and understanding of panic disorder in schools.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Drowning; Emotions; Humans; Panic Disorder
PubMed: 35668509
DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00849-x -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Apr 2006
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Life Style; Panic Disorder; Patient Education as Topic; Recurrence
PubMed: 16627512
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951 -
Journal of Dual Diagnosis 2021Panic disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that often co-occurs with substance use disorders. Given the current opioid epidemic, the high reported rates of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Panic disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that often co-occurs with substance use disorders. Given the current opioid epidemic, the high reported rates of comorbid panic disorder and opioid use disorder are particularly concerning. In this narrative review, we describe the literature on panic disorder and opioid use disorder co-occurrence.
METHODS
86 studies, 26 reviews, 2 commentaries, and 5 guidelines pertaining to opioid use disorder, panic disorder, and their comorbidity were identified using all EBSCO databases, PubMed, and Google Scholar.
RESULTS
First, we review epidemiological literature on the prevalence of the comorbid condition above and beyond each disorder on its own. Additionally, we discuss the challenges that complicate the differential diagnosis of panic disorder and opioid use disorder and contribute to difficulties establishing rates of comorbidity. Second, we review three theoretical models that have been proposed to explain high rates of co-occurring panic disorder and opioid use disorder: the precipitation hypothesis, the self-medication hypothesis, and the shared vulnerability hypothesis. Third, we outline how co-occurring panic and opioid use disorder may impact treatment for each condition.
CONCLUSION
Based on findings in the field, we provide recommendations for future research as well as treatment considerations for co-occurring panic and opioid use disorders.
Topics: Humans; Opioid-Related Disorders; Panic Disorder; Self Medication
PubMed: 34582313
DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2021.1965407 -
Acta Psychologica Jun 2023In Pakistan, the fourth wave of COVID-19 is causing an increasing number of positive cases. This fourth wave may be a risky aspect of mental health issues for COVID-19...
BACKGROUND
In Pakistan, the fourth wave of COVID-19 is causing an increasing number of positive cases. This fourth wave may be a risky aspect of mental health issues for COVID-19 patients. This quantitative study is designed to understand the stigmatization, and panic disorder and to explore the mediating role of death anxiety among patients of COVID-19 during the fourth wave of novel coronavirus.
METHODS
The study was conducted using a correlational research design. The survey was carried out by utilizing a questionnaire with a convenient sample technique. The sample of the study was comprised of 139 patients with COVID-19. Data were collected through Stigma Scale for Chronic Illnesses (SSCI), The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), and Death Anxiety Inventory.
RESULTS
Results show that stigma is significantly positively related to panic disorder and death anxiety. Furthermore, panic disorder is also significantly positively related to death anxiety. Results also indicate that stigmatization is a significant positive predictor for death anxiety and panic disorder. Moreover, results indicate that death anxiety has a mediating role in the relationship between stigmatization and panic disorder with age and gender as covariates.
CONCLUSION
This study would be helpful for people around the world to understand this threatening contagious virus so they wouldn't stigmatize infected ones. Additional research is required for the sustainable improvement of anxiety over time.
Topics: Humans; Panic Disorder; COVID-19; Stereotyping; Pandemics; Pakistan; Anxiety
PubMed: 37100020
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103924 -
Yonsei Medical Journal Feb 2003Panic disorder (PD) in children and adolescents is a disabling and chronic condition, which is accompanied by psychosocial and academic difficulties both during... (Review)
Review
Panic disorder (PD) in children and adolescents is a disabling and chronic condition, which is accompanied by psychosocial and academic difficulties both during adolescence and into adulthood. In this article, the prevalence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, comorbid states, differential diagnosis, and treatment of PD are reviewed. Although PD was thought to be rare in children and adolescents, the prevalence of PD in community samples ranges between 0.5% and 5.0, and in pediatric psychiatric clinics from 0.2% to 10%. Panic attacks are reported to be equally prevalent in males and females. Clinical studies have shown that the majority of the PD pediatric patients receiving consultation in clinics are older adolescents, Caucasian, female, and middle class. Up to 90% of children and adolescents with PD have other anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder/overanxious disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia or agoraphobia), or mood disorders (major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder). PD patients can be misdiagnosed or having neurologic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or gastrointestinal illness. Psychoeducation and psychosocial treatments are recommended, and it appears that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a safe and promising treatment for children and adolescents with PD. The clinical characteristics, long-term course, and treatment of PD in children and adolescents needs to be further assessed by well-designed studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Comorbidity; Humans; Panic Disorder; Prevalence
PubMed: 12619196
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2003.44.1.174 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Nov 1991
Topics: Agoraphobia; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Panic Disorder
PubMed: 1815394
DOI: No ID Found -
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Jul 2023Individuals with Panic Disorder (PD) often have impaired insight, which can impede their willingness to seek treatment. Cognitive processes, including metacognitive...
Individuals with Panic Disorder (PD) often have impaired insight, which can impede their willingness to seek treatment. Cognitive processes, including metacognitive beliefs, cognitive flexibility, and jumping to conclusions (JTC) may influence the degree of insight. By understanding the relationship between insight and these cognitive factors in PD, we can better identify individuals with such vulnerabilities to improve their insight. The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between metacognition, cognitive flexibility, and JTC with clinical and cognitive insight at pretreatment. We investigate the association among those factors' changes and changes in insight over treatment. Eighty-three patients diagnosed with PD received internet-based cognitive behavior therapy. Analyses revealed that metacognition was related to both clinical and cognitive insight, and cognitive flexibility was related to clinical insight at pre-treatment. Greater changes in metacognition were correlated with greater changes in clinical insight. Also, greater changes in cognitive flexibility were related to greater changes in cognitive insight. The current study extends previous studies suggesting potential relationships among insight, metacognition, and cognitive flexibility in PD. Determining the role of cognitive concepts in relation to insight may lead to new avenues for improving insight and can have implications for engagement and treatment-seeking behaviors.
Topics: Humans; Panic Disorder; Metacognition; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 36880358
DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2023.2179539 -
Neural Plasticity 2009Data from studies with humans have suggested that abnormalities of midbrain structures, including the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), could be involved in the... (Review)
Review
Data from studies with humans have suggested that abnormalities of midbrain structures, including the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), could be involved in the neurobiology of panic disorder (PD). The electrical stimulation of the PAG in neurosurgical patients induces panic-like symptoms and the effect of drugs that are effective in the treatment of PD in the simulation of public speaking model of anxiety is in agreement with data from animal models of PD. Structural neuroimaging studies have shown increases in gray matter volume of midbrain and pons of PD patients. There is also evidence of lower serotonin transporter and receptor binding, and increases of metabolism in the midbrain of PD patients. Nevertheless, these midbrain abnormalities can not be considered as specific findings, since neuroimaging data indicate that PD patients have abnormalities in other brain structures that process fear and anxiety.
Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation; Humans; Models, Biological; Panic; Panic Disorder; Periaqueductal Gray; Serotonin
PubMed: 19283082
DOI: 10.1155/2009/108135 -
Psychiatria Danubina Jun 2017Comorbidity of anxiety and depression (both current and lifetime) is associated with greater chronicity and an increased risk of suicidality. We wished to ascertain...
BACKGROUND
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression (both current and lifetime) is associated with greater chronicity and an increased risk of suicidality. We wished to ascertain which symptom clusters had the strongest association with suicidality. Our aims were (1) to examine the presence of current comorbidity and suicidality in patients diagnosed with panic disorder/agoraphobia (PD/A) and major depression (MD), and their relationship with duration of psychiatric treatment and frequency of hospital admission; and (2) to examine which coexisting symptoms were most strongly predictive of suicidality in sub-groups and the overall group.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The study sample comprised 100 patients with PD/A and MD. The following assessment instruments were applied: the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis.
RESULTS
High rates of current comorbidity were seen in both groups. Patients with MD had significantly higher suicidality scores, but were also older, with a longer duration of psychiatric treatment and more frequent hospitalizations. In the overall group, psychiatric comorbidity was correlated with duration of psychiatric treatment and frequency of hospitalizations (with the exception of hypochondriasis which was not correlated with frequency of hospitalization). In both sub-groups and the overall group, suicidality was correlated with scores for all examined comorbidity (with the exception of hypochondriasis in the PD/A group): however, after multiple regression only obsessive-compulsive symptomatology predicted suicidality in all sub-groups and the overall group, as well as depression in the overall group. Depression supposed as dependent variable and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology as a mediator explained around 37% of the variance in suicidal ideation.
CONCLUSION
Patients with PD/A or MD show high rates of current comorbidity. The effect of depression on suicidality was significant, but a non-trivial impact was also mediated by obsessive-compulsive symptomatology.
Topics: Adult; Agoraphobia; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Panic Disorder; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychometrics; Risk Factors; Serbia; Statistics as Topic; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 28636577
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2017.186 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Oct 2014Panic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder that is characterized by recurrent panic attacks (PA), which can be unexpected (uPA, i.e., no clear identifiable... (Review)
Review
Panic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder that is characterized by recurrent panic attacks (PA), which can be unexpected (uPA, i.e., no clear identifiable trigger) or expected (ePA). Panic typically involves an abrupt feeling of catastrophic fear or distress accompanied by physiological symptoms such as palpitations, racing heart, thermal sensations, and sweating. Recurrent uPA and ePA can also lead to agoraphobia, where subjects with PD avoid situations that were associated with PA. Here we will review recent developments in our understanding of PD, which includes discussions on: symptoms and signs associated with uPA and ePAs; Diagnosis of PD and the new DSM-V; biological etiology such as heritability and geneĆenvironment and geneĆhormonal development interactions; comparisons between laboratory and naturally occurring uPAs and ePAs; neurochemical systems that are associated with clinical PAs (e.g. gene associations; targets for triggering or treating PAs), adaptive fear and panic response concepts in the context of new NIH RDoc approach; and finally strengths and weaknesses of translational animal models of adaptive and pathological panic states.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Anxiety; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurochemistry; Panic Disorder
PubMed: 25130976
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.027