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Cureus May 2022Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that classically presents with distortions of thought, behavior, and perceptions that are often misdiagnosed. One...
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that classically presents with distortions of thought, behavior, and perceptions that are often misdiagnosed. One difficulty in diagnosing schizophrenia is due to its phenotypically heterogeneous condition that can be precipitated by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The prevalence of schizophrenia is roughly 1%, but it is often misdiagnosed. Possible differential diagnoses include depression or bipolar disorder with psychosis, psychosis due to a medical condition, schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders, and neurocognitive disorders. In this case report, a 31-year-old male presents with thoughts of suicide following a recent exacerbation of his hallucinations. On presentation, the patient presented with a historical diagnosis of "paranoid schizophrenia" as well as a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), poly-substance use disorder, and a family history of schizophrenia. This case serves to highlight the difficulties of making an accurate diagnosis and providing evidenced-based treatment.
PubMed: 35800823
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25488 -
Schizophrenia Research. Cognition Mar 2016Paranoia is a common symptom of schizophrenia that may be related to how individuals process and respond to social stimuli. Previous investigations support a link...
Paranoia is a common symptom of schizophrenia that may be related to how individuals process and respond to social stimuli. Previous investigations support a link between increased paranoia and greater social cognitive impairments, but these studies have been limited to single domains of social cognition, and no studies have examined how paranoia may influence functional outcome. Data from 147 individuals with schizophrenia were used to examine whether actively paranoid and non-paranoid individuals with schizophrenia differ in social cognition and functional outcomes. On measures assessing social cognitive bias, paranoid individuals endorsed more hostile and blaming attributions and identified more faces as untrustworthy; however, paranoid and non-paranoid individuals did not differ on emotion recognition and theory of mind tasks assessing social cognitive ability. Likewise, paranoid individuals showed greater impairments in real-world interpersonal relationships and social acceptability as compared to non-paranoid patients, but these differences did not extend to performance based tasks assessing functional capacity and social competence. These findings isolate specific social cognitive disparities between paranoid and non-paranoid subgroups and suggest that paranoia may exacerbate the social dysfunction that is commonly experienced by individuals with schizophrenia.
PubMed: 27990352
DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2015.11.002 -
Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo 2015Neuropsychological aspects of paranoid schizophrenia have still not been examined enough.These disorders are usually not studied separately, but are included in the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
INTRODUCTION
Neuropsychological aspects of paranoid schizophrenia have still not been examined enough.These disorders are usually not studied separately, but are included in the studies about schizophrenic patients with positive symptoms. Despite the fact that schizophrenia represents a heterogeneous group of mental disorders, usually it is not separated from schizoaffective disorder in neuropsychological researches.
OBJECTIVE
The essence of this research is to evaluate cognitive functioning of patients with paranoid schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder by applying neuropsychological tests.
METHODS
The research included 91 subjects, right handed, from 30 to 53 years old, who were classified into three groups: inpatients with paranoid schizophrenia in remission (n=31), inpatients with schizoaffective disorder in remission (n=30) and healthy subjects (n=30).
RESULTS
Both groups of patients showed poorer achievements than healthy subjects in most of the applied tests. Patients with schizoaffective disorder showed global loss of intellectual efficiency, executive dysfunction and compromised visual-construction organization. Patients with paranoid schizophrenia expressed partial loss of intellectual efficiency with verbal IQ and executive functions preserved.
CONCLUSION
In the remission phase, patients with paranoid schizophrenia expressed cognitive disorders in moderate degree, but when it comes to patients with schizoaffective disorder, more massive cognitive, deficits were registered.
Topics: Adult; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychotic Disorders; Reference Values; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 26506747
DOI: 10.2298/sarh1508391l -
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue... Jan 2018To contribute to a better differential clinical categorisation of delusional disorder (DD) versus schizophrenia (SZ) and to add and complete evidence from previous... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To contribute to a better differential clinical categorisation of delusional disorder (DD) versus schizophrenia (SZ) and to add and complete evidence from previous clinical studies of DD compared to schizophrenia.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study using a clinical sample of 275 patients (132 patients with DD) was studied. Patients were consecutively attending public clinics located in urban and rural areas in both Andalusia and Catalonia (Spain). All participants met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for either DD or SZ. Data were gathered on sociodemographics, illness duration, Barona-Index estimation of intelligence quotient (IQ), and global functioning, along with a thorough psychopathological assessment using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Comparisons between both groups were calculated using χ, Student t, and multivariate analysis of covariance tests.
RESULTS
Patients with DD were older (mean [SD], 50.3 [14.6] years vs. 36.6 [11.1] years; t = 8.597; P ≤ 0.0001), were more frequently married (45.4% vs. 10.8%; χ = 38.569; P ≤ 0.0001), and had a higher mean estimated premorbid IQ (111.4 vs. 105.4; t = 2.609; P ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, SZ patients were predominantly male (71.4% vs. 48.9%; χ = 14.433; P ≤ 0.0001) and had greater work-related disability than DD patients (20.5% vs. 50.3%; χ = 19.564; P ≤ 0.001). Overall, the DD group showed a less severe PANSS psychopathology than SZ group. Thus, total mean (SD) PANSS scores for schizophrenia and delusional disorder, respectively, were 76.2 (22.4) versus 54.1 (18.4) ( t = -8.762; P ≤ 0.0001). Moreover, patients with DD showed a better global functioning than those with SZ (62.7 [13.2] vs. 51.9 [16.9]; F = 44.114; P ≤ 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
DD is a milder and distinct disorder compared to SZ in terms of psychopathology and global functionality.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Spain; Young Adult
PubMed: 28595494
DOI: 10.1177/0706743717706347 -
Early Intervention in Psychiatry Apr 201722q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurogenetic condition associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown that...
AIMS
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurogenetic condition associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown that negative symptoms represent the most specific clinical characteristic of psychosis in 22q11.2DS and are strongly associated with outcome. However, the psychological mechanisms associated with these symptoms in this population are poorly understood. In accordance with recent conceptualizations in the field of schizophrenia, the present study aims at investigating whether negative symptoms are associated with the presence of negative performance beliefs and cognitive deficits.
METHODS
Thirty-five participants with 22q11.2DS and 24 typically developing individuals aged between 11 and 24 years were included in the study. Self-reported schizotypal symptoms (cognitive-perceptual, paranoid, negative and disorganization symptoms) and dysfunctional beliefs (negative performance beliefs and need for approval) were assessed. Measures of processing speed, verbal memory, working memory, executive functioning and face recognition were also extracted from a broad cognitive evaluation protocol.
RESULTS
Adolescents with 22q11.2DS reported significantly higher score on the negative dimension of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire than controls, even when controlling for the influence of anxiety/depression and intellectual functioning. Negative and paranoid symptoms were associated with the severity of negative performance beliefs and lower face recognition abilities. Mediation analyses revealed that negative performance beliefs significantly mediated the association between face recognition and negative/paranoid symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that negative performance beliefs and basic social cognitive mechanisms are associated with negative and paranoid symptoms in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Implications for intervention are discussed in this article.
Topics: 22q11 Deletion Syndrome; Adolescent; Child; Culture; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Pessimism; Psychometrics; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Young Adult
PubMed: 25726949
DOI: 10.1111/eip.12224 -
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2015Spino-cerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, seizures and nystagmus with a fragmented pursuit....
Spino-cerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, seizures and nystagmus with a fragmented pursuit. Schizophrenia has been reported with SCAs 1 and 2 yet in SCA 10, psychiatric manifestations are uncommon. We report a Hispanic family involving a father and his four children with SCA10 genetic mutation. Two of his children, a 20-year-old female and a 23-year-old male, presented with gradually progressive spino-cerebellar ataxia and paranoid schizophrenia. Neurological examination revealed ocular dysmetria, dysdiadokinesia, impaired finger-to-nose exam, gait ataxia and hyperreflexia in both the cases. Additionally, they had a history of psychosis with destructive behavior, depression and paranoid delusions with auditory hallucinations. Serology and CSF studies were unremarkable and MRI brain revealed cerebellar volume loss. Ultimately, a test for ATAXIN-10 mutation was positive thus confirming the diagnosis of SCA10 in father and his four children. We now endeavor to investigate the association between schizophrenia and SCA10.
PubMed: 25745322
DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.144285 -
Indian Journal of Psychiatry Oct 1980In a Study Of 90 patients of Alcoholic Hallucinosis and 30 patients of Paranoid Schizophrenia, it was found that delusions, delusions of infidelity, third person and...
In a Study Of 90 patients of Alcoholic Hallucinosis and 30 patients of Paranoid Schizophrenia, it was found that delusions, delusions of infidelity, third person and running commentary auditory hallucinations and insight were not different in the two groups.Delusions of grandeur, passivity, thought echo and thought broadcast were significantly more frequent in paranoid schizophrenic patients. Anxiety, visual iiafracinatians and hallucinations in more than one modality at the same time were commoner in alcoholic hallucionsis. Recovery from acute symptoms was much earlier in alcoholic hallucinosis.Number of first degree relatives with schizophrenia was much higher in the paranoid schizophrenic group.In a mean follow up period of 18 months, it was found that patients with alcoholic hallucinosis did much better than patients with paranoid schizophrenia.
PubMed: 22058494
DOI: No ID Found -
Psychological Medicine Aug 2010Delusional beliefs are characteristic of psychosis and, of the delusions, the paranoid delusion is the single most common type associated with psychosis. The many years... (Review)
Review
Delusional beliefs are characteristic of psychosis and, of the delusions, the paranoid delusion is the single most common type associated with psychosis. The many years of research focused on neurocognition in schizophrenia, using standardized neurocognitive tests, have failed to find conclusive cognitive deficits in relation to positive symptoms. However, UK-based psychological research has identified sociocognitive anomalies in relation to paranoid thinking in the form of theory of mind (ToM), causal reasoning and threat-related processing anomalies. Drawing from recent neuroscientific research on the default mode network, this paper asserts that the common theme running through the psychological tests that are sensitive to the cognitive impairment of paranoia is the need to cognitively project the self through time, referred to as mental time travel. Such an understanding of the cognitive roots of paranoid ideation provides a synthesis between psychological and biological accounts of psychosis while also retaining the powerful argument that understanding abnormal thinking must start with models of normal cognition. This is the core theme running through the cognitive psychological literature of psychiatric disorders that enables research from this area to inform psychological therapy.
Topics: Affect; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Delusions; Humans; Intention; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motivation; Nerve Net; Neuropsychological Tests; Paranoid Disorders; Personal Construct Theory; Schizophrenia, Paranoid
PubMed: 20594394
DOI: 10.1017/S003329170999211X -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Jun 2018
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia, Paranoid
PubMed: 29878273
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx046 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Apr 2012
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Paranoid Disorders; Personality Disorders; Reality Testing; Schizophrenia, Paranoid
PubMed: 22511105
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0318