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Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 2011The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly... (Review)
Review
The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated developmental processes must occur. In this review, we attempt to cover major events during intestinal development from gastrulation to birth, including endoderm formation, gut tube growth and patterning, intestinal morphogenesis, epithelial reorganization, villus emergence, as well as proliferation and cytodifferentiation. Our discussion includes morphological and anatomical changes during intestinal development as well as molecular mechanisms regulating these processes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Endoderm; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mesoderm; Vertebrates
PubMed: 21246663
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22540 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... May 2006Fate maps based on quail-chick grafting of avian cephalic neural crest precursors and paraxial mesoderm cells have identified the majority of derivatives from each...
Fate maps based on quail-chick grafting of avian cephalic neural crest precursors and paraxial mesoderm cells have identified the majority of derivatives from each population but have not unequivocally resolved the precise locations of and population dynamics at the interface between them. The relation between these two mesenchymal tissues is especially critical for the development of skeletal muscles, because crest cells play an essential role in their differentiation and subsequent spatial organization. It is not known whether myogenic mesoderm and skeletogenic neural crest cells establish permanent relations while en route to their final destinations, or later at the sites where musculoskeletal morphogenesis is completed. We applied beta-galactosidase-encoding, replication-incompetent retroviruses to paraxial mesoderm, to crest progenitors, or at the interface between mesodermal and overlying neural crest as both were en route to branchial or periocular regions in chick embryos. With respect to skeletal structures, the results identify the avian neural crest:mesoderm boundary at the junction of the supraorbital and calvarial regions of the frontal bone, lateral to the hypophyseal foramen, and rostral to laryngeal cartilages. Therefore, in the chick embryo, most of the frontal and the entire parietal bone are of mesodermal, not neural crest, origin. Within paraxial mesoderm, the progenitors of each lineage display different behaviors. Chondrogenic cells are relatively stationary and intramembranous osteogenic cells move only in transverse planes around the brain. Angioblasts migrate invasively in all directions. Extraocular muscle precursors form tightly aggregated masses that en masse cross the crest:mesoderm interface to enter periocular territories, while branchial myogenic lineages shift ventrally coincidental with the movements of corresponding neural crest cells. En route to the branchial arches, myogenic mesoderm cells do not maintain constant, nearest-neighbor relations with adjacent, overlying neural crest cells. Thus, progenitors of individual muscles do not establish stable, permanent relations with their connective tissues until both populations reach the sites of their morphogenesis within branchial arches or orbital regions.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Head; Mesoderm; Muscle, Skeletal; Neural Crest; Stem Cells
PubMed: 16395689
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20663 -
Developmental Biology Jun 2005We describe the essential features of and the molecules involved in dorsoventral (DV) patterning in the neural tube. The neural tube is, from its very outset, patterned... (Review)
Review
We describe the essential features of and the molecules involved in dorsoventral (DV) patterning in the neural tube. The neural tube is, from its very outset, patterned in this axis as there is a roof plate, floor plate, and differing numbers and types of neuroblasts. These neuroblasts develop into different types of neurons which express a different range of marker genes. Early embryological experiments identified the notochord and the somites as being responsible for the DV patterning of the neural tube and we now know that 4 signaling molecules are involved and are generated by these surrounding structures. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are produced by the caudal mesoderm and must be down-regulated before neural differentiation can occur. Retinoic acid (RA) is produced by the paraxial mesoderm and is an inducer of neural differentiation and patterning and is responsible for down-regulating FGF. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced by the notochord and floor plate and is responsible for inducing ventral neural cell types in a concentration-dependent manner. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are produced by the roof plate and are responsible for inducing dorsal neural cell types in a concentration-dependent manner. Subsequently, RA is used twice more. Once from the somites for motor neuron differentiation and secondly RA is used to define the motor neuron subtypes, but in the latter case it is generated within the neural tube from differentiating motor neurons rather than from outside. These 4 signaling molecules also interact with each other, generally in a repressive fashion, and DV patterning shows how complex these interactions can be.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Central Nervous System; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hedgehog Proteins; Mesoderm; Motor Neurons; Notochord; Signal Transduction; Somites; Trans-Activators; Tretinoin; Vertebrates
PubMed: 15936325
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.027 -
Oncotarget Aug 2016Congenital vertebral malformation is a series of significant health problems affecting a large number of populations. It may present as an isolated condition or as a... (Review)
Review
Congenital vertebral malformation is a series of significant health problems affecting a large number of populations. It may present as an isolated condition or as a part of an underlying syndromes occurring with other malformations and/or clinical features. Disruption of the genesis of paraxial mesoderm, somites or axial bones can result in spinal deformity. In the course of somitogenesis, the segmentation clock and the wavefront are the leading factors during the entire process in which TBX6 gene plays an important role. TBX6 is a member of the T-box gene family, and its important pathogenicity in spinal deformity has been confirmed. Several TBX6 gene variants and novel pathogenic mechanisms have been recently revealed, and will likely have significant impact in understanding the genetic basis for CVM. In this review, we describe the role which TBX6 plays during human spine development including its interaction with other key elements during the process of somitogenesis. We then systematically review the association between TBX6 gene variants and CVM associated phenotypes, highlighting an important and emerging role for TBX6 and human malformations.
Topics: Alleles; Animals; Congenital Abnormalities; Genetic Variation; Heterozygote; Humans; Mesoderm; Mice; Mutation; Phenotype; Scoliosis; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Signal Transduction; Somites; Spine; T-Box Domain Proteins; Vertebrates; Zebrafish
PubMed: 27437870
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10619 -
Developmental Cell Jul 2019Endothelial cells (ECs), which line blood and lymphatic vessels, are generally described to come from the lateral plate mesoderm despite experimental evidence for a...
Endothelial cells (ECs), which line blood and lymphatic vessels, are generally described to come from the lateral plate mesoderm despite experimental evidence for a broader source of origin, including the paraxial mesoderm (PXM). Current dogma suggests that following specification from mesoderm, local environmental cues establish the distinct molecular and functional characteristics of ECs in different vascular beds. Here we present evidence to challenge this view, showing that lymphatic EC fate is imprinted during transition through the PXM lineage. We show that PXM-derived cells form the lymphatic endothelium of multiple organs and tissues, with a more restricted contribution to blood vessel endothelium. By deleting Prox1 specifically in PXM-derived cells, we show that this lineage is indispensable for lymphatic vessel development. Collectively, our data establish lineage history as a critical determinant of EC specialization, a finding with broad implications for our understanding of vascular development and heterogeneity.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Endothelium, Lymphatic; Lymphangiogenesis; Lymphatic Vessels; Mesoderm; Mice; Phenotype; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 31130354
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.034 -
The International Journal of... 2017Several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. Myoblasts of Xenopus laevis and Hymenochirus... (Review)
Review
Several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. Myoblasts of Xenopus laevis and Hymenochirus boettgeri change their position from perpendicular to parallel, in relation to axial organs, and differentiate into mononucleate myotubes. In Bombina variegate the myotomal myoblasts change their shape from round to elongate and then differentiate into mononuclear, morphologically mature myotubes. In Pelobates fuscus and Triturus vulgaris, myoblasts fuse into multinuclear myotubes. Mono- and multinucleate myotubes achieve morphological maturity during the differentiation process. During myogenesis of B. variegata, the nuclei of mononucleate, differentiating myotubes contain a tetraploid quantity of DNA (4C DNA). The stable quantity of DNA is confirmed by lack of H-thimidine incorporation into myotube nuclei. This outcome is a proof that myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle in the G2 phase. The further development of myotomal myotubes involves myoblasts of mesenchymal origin. These myoblasts fuse with myotubes in X. laevis and B. variegate in the G1 phase. Secondary muscle fibres in amphibian myotomes have only mesenchymal origin. Mesenchymal myoblasts fuse into multinucleated myotubes. Myofibril development in the differentiating myotube and lack of DNA replication confirm the classical paradigm of myogenesis. Mesenchymal myoblasts are taking part in the myogenesis of musculus rectus abdominis and limb muscles. The mesenchymal cells in the myogenesis process show one model of myogenesis, which is a classical model of myogenesis. The mesenchymal cells probably come from dermatome.
Topics: Animals; Anura; Cell Division; Mesoderm; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Myoblasts
PubMed: 28287243
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.160370mm -
Developmental Biology Jul 2004During vertebrate embryogenesis, the newly formed mesoderm is allocated to the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral domains, each giving rise to different cell and tissue... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
During vertebrate embryogenesis, the newly formed mesoderm is allocated to the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral domains, each giving rise to different cell and tissue types. Here, we provide evidence that the forkhead genes, Foxc1 and Foxc2, play a role in the specification of mesoderm to paraxial versus intermediate fates. Mouse embryos lacking both Foxc1 and Foxc2 show expansion of intermediate mesoderm markers into the paraxial domain, lateralization of somite patterning, and ectopic and disorganized mesonephric tubules. In gain of function studies in the chick embryo, Foxc1 and Foxc2 negatively regulate intermediate mesoderm formation. By contrast, their misexpression in the prospective intermediate mesoderm appears to drive cells to acquire paraxial fate, as revealed by expression of the somite markers Pax7 and Paraxis. Taken together, the data indicate that Foxc1 and Foxc2 regulate the establishment of paraxial versus intermediate mesoderm cell fates in the vertebrate embryo.
Topics: Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Chick Embryo; DNA-Binding Proteins; Electroporation; Embryo, Mammalian; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homeodomain Proteins; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Mesoderm; Mice; PAX7 Transcription Factor; Somites; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 15196959
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.03.034 -
BMC Developmental Biology Jun 2008Co-ordinated cell movement is a fundamental feature of developing embryos. Massive cell movements occur during vertebrate gastrulation and during the subsequent...
BACKGROUND
Co-ordinated cell movement is a fundamental feature of developing embryos. Massive cell movements occur during vertebrate gastrulation and during the subsequent extension of the embryonic body axis. These are controlled by cell-cell signalling and a number of pathways have been implicated. Here we use long-term video microscopy in chicken embryos to visualize the migration routes and movement behaviour of mesoderm progenitor cells as they emerge from the primitive streak (PS) between HH stages 7 and 10.
RESULTS
We observed distinct cell movement behaviours along the length of the streak and determined that this is position dependent with cells responding to environmental cues. The behaviour of cells was altered by exposing embryos or primitive streak explants to cell pellets expressing Wnt3a and Wnt5a, without affecting cell fates, thus implicating these ligands in the regulation of cell movement behaviour. Interestingly younger embryos were not responsive, suggesting that Wnt3a and Wnt5a are specifically involved in the generation of posterior mesoderm, consistent with existing mouse and zebrafish mutants. To investigate which downstream components are involved mutant forms of dishevelled (dsh) and prickle1 (pk1) were electroporated into the primitive streak. These had differential effects on the behaviour of mesoderm progenitors emerging from anterior or posterior regions of the streak, suggesting that multiple Wnt pathways are involved in controlling cell migration during extension of the body axis in amniote embryos.
CONCLUSION
We suggest that the distinct behaviours of paraxial and lateral mesoderm precursors are regulated by the opposing actions of Wnt5a and Wnt3a as they leave the primitive streak in neurula stage embryos. Our data suggests that Wnt5a acts via prickle to cause migration of cells from the posterior streak. In the anterior streak, this is antagonised by Wnt3a to generate non-migratory medial mesoderm.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Movement; Chick Embryo; Embryonic Stem Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Morphogenesis; Primitive Streak; Signal Transduction; Time Factors; Wnt Proteins
PubMed: 18541012
DOI: 10.1186/1471-213X-8-63 -
Cells Mar 2024Neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), serving as the common origin of neural and paraxial mesodermal development in a large part of the trunk, have recently gained... (Review)
Review
Neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), serving as the common origin of neural and paraxial mesodermal development in a large part of the trunk, have recently gained significant attention because of their critical importance in the understanding of embryonic organogenesis and the design of in vitro models of organogenesis. However, the nature of NMPs at many essential points remains only vaguely understood or even incorrectly assumed. Here, we discuss the nature of NMPs, focusing on their dynamic migratory behavior during embryogenesis and the mechanisms underlying their neural vs. mesodermal fate choice. The discussion points include the following: (1) How the sinus rhomboidals is organized; the tissue where the neural or mesodermal fate choice of NMPs occurs. (2) NMPs originating from the broad posterior epiblast are associated with N1 enhancer activity. (3) Tbx6-dependent repression occurs during NMP-derived paraxial mesoderm development. (4) The nephric mesenchyme, a component of the intermediate mesoderm, was newly identified as an NMP derivative. (5) The transition of embryonic tissue development from tissue-specific progenitors in the anterior part to that from NMPs occurs at the forelimb bud axial level. (6) The coexpression of Sox2 and Bra in NMPs is conditional and is not a hallmark of NMPs. (7) The ability of the NMP pool to sustain axial embryo growth depends on Wnt3a signaling in the NMP population. Current in vitro models of NMPs are also critically reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Neural Stem Cells; Mesoderm; Germ Layers; Signal Transduction; Nervous System
PubMed: 38534393
DOI: 10.3390/cells13060549 -
Journal of Computational Biology : a... Jul 2019
Topics: Animals; Endoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Regulatory Networks; Genome; Mesoderm
PubMed: 31166788
DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2019.0097