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Journal of Anatomy Sep 2015The spatial relationships between brain and braincase represent a major topic in surgery and evolutionary neuroanatomy. In paleoneurology, neurocranial landmarks are...
The spatial relationships between brain and braincase represent a major topic in surgery and evolutionary neuroanatomy. In paleoneurology, neurocranial landmarks are often used as references for brain areas. In this study, we analyze the variation and covariation of midsagittal brain and skull coordinates in a sample of adult modern humans in order to demonstrate spatial associations between hard and soft tissues. The correlation between parietal lobe size and parietal bone size is very low, and there is a marked individual variation. The distances between lobes and bones are partially influenced by the dimensions of the parietal lobes. The main pattern of morphological variability among individuals, associated with the size of the precuneus, apparently does not influence the position of the neurocranial sutures. Therefore, variations in precuneal size modify the distance between the paracentral lobule and bregma, and between the parietal lobe and lambda. Hence, the relative position of the cranial and cerebral landmarks can change as a function of the parietal dimensions. The slight correlation and covariation among these elements suggests a limited degree of spatial integration between soft and hard tissues. Therefore, although the brain influences the cranial size and shape during morphogenesis, the specific position of the cerebral components is sensitive to multiple effects and local factors, without a strict correspondence with the bone landmarks. This absence of correspondent change between brain and skull boundaries suggests caution when making inferences about the brain areas from the position of the cranial sutures. The fact that spatial relationships between cranial and brain areas may vary according to brain proportions must be considered in paleoneurology, when brain anatomy is inferred from cranial evidence.
Topics: Adult; Anatomic Landmarks; Biological Evolution; Female; Fossils; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Organ Size; Parietal Bone; Parietal Lobe; Young Adult
PubMed: 26200138
DOI: 10.1111/joa.12355 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... May 1995Current ultrasound morphometric tables estimate centiles assuming normal distribution and similar variation throughout gestation. Our goal was to develop normative...
Current ultrasound morphometric tables estimate centiles assuming normal distribution and similar variation throughout gestation. Our goal was to develop normative tables for biparietal diameter, femur length and average abdominal diameter using actual centiles. We studied the last complete ultrasound examination from 9510 singleton, live pregnancies without major malformations delivered at our hospital. Actual 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th and 95th centiles were calculated for each week and compared to estimates based on means and standard deviations. With advancing gestational age, variation in average abdominal diameter increased and variation in biparietal diameter and femur length remained stable. The largest difference between an actual and an estimated centile limit was 2 mm for biparietal diameter or femur length and 3 mm for average abdominal diameter. Differences between true and estimated centile limits were less than the intraobserver variation of the ultrasound measurements and therefore clinically unimportant.
Topics: Abdomen; Biometry; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Femur; Gestational Age; Humans; Parietal Bone; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 7614134
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.05050308.x -
Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry :... 2017The mammalian skull vault is a highly regulated structure and consists of several membrane bones of different tissue origins (e.g. neural crest derived frontal bone and...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
The mammalian skull vault is a highly regulated structure and consists of several membrane bones of different tissue origins (e.g. neural crest derived frontal bone and mesoderm derived parietal bone). Although membrane bones form through intramembranous ossification, neural crest derived frontal bone has superior osteoblast activity and bone regeneration ability, triggering a novel conception for craniofacial reconstruction and bone regeneration called endogenous calvarial regeneration. However, a comprehensive landscape of the genes and signaling pathways involved in this process is not clear.
METHODS
Transcriptome analysis within the two bone elements is firstly performed to determine the physiological signatures of differential gene expressions in mouse skull vault.
RESULTS
Frontal bone tissues and parietal bone tissues maintain tissue origin through special gene expression similar to neural crest vs mesoderm tissue, and physiological functions between these two tissues are also found in differences related to proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix production and clustered signaling pathways.
CONCLUSION
Our data provide novel insights into the potential gene regulatory network in regulating the development of neural crest-derived frontal bone and mesoderm-derived parietal bone.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Embryo, Mammalian; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Crest; Parietal Bone; RNA; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29130970
DOI: 10.1159/000484496 -
PloS One 2023The aim of this study was to compare the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellularized (DCC) bovine bone granules to support bone regeneration in rat calvaria...
The aim of this study was to compare the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellularized (DCC) bovine bone granules to support bone regeneration in rat calvaria critical-size defects. DMB and DCC were prepared using a previously published method. The granule size used ranged between 500 and 750 μm. A total of forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (n = 24). A pair of 5 mm diameter defects were created on the calvaria of the rats in the right and left parietal bone in both groups. Group A animals received DMB granules and Group B received DCC granules in the right parietal defect side while the left parietal untreated defect acted as sham surgery for both groups. Four animals per group were euthanized in a CO2 chamber at day 7, 14 and 21 post-surgery and the calvaria implantation site biopsy harvested was subjected to osteogenic gene expression analysis. Another four animals per group were euthanized at days 15, 30 and 60 post surgery and the calvaria implantation site biopsy harvested was subjected to histological, immunohistochemistry, RAMAN spectroscopy and Micro-CT analysis at the mentioned time points. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests and ANOVA. Histomorphometry showed significantly higher new bone formation in the DCC sites (p<0.05) compared to DMB. Both DMB and DCC implantation sites showed distinct staining for osteocalcin and osteopontin proteins compared to their respective sham sites. By day 21 after implantation, DCC sites demonstrated significantly elevated mRNA levels of osteonectin (p<0.001), osteopontin (p<0.001), osteocalcin (p<0.0001), ALP (p<0.01), and BMP-2 (p<0.001) compared to DMB. However, VEGF expression showed no significant differences at this time point between the two groups. Micro-CT analysis also showed enhanced defect closure and higher bone density in DCC implanted sites while RAMAN spectra demonstrated increased abundance of collagen and bone minerals, especially, PO43- ions than DMB. In conclusion, both DMB and DCC granules demonstrated favorable osteogenic potential in critical-sized defects, with DCC exhibited superior osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogenesis properties.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Cattle; Osteogenesis; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Osteopontin; Osteocalcin; Skull; Bone Regeneration; Minerals
PubMed: 38127838
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294291 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jan 2009The amount of new bone formed in collagen matrix with daidzein was compared to that formed in collagen matrix alone. Eighteen bone defects, 5mm by 10mm were created in...
The amount of new bone formed in collagen matrix with daidzein was compared to that formed in collagen matrix alone. Eighteen bone defects, 5mm by 10mm were created in parietal bone of 9 New Zealand white rabbits. In the experimental group, 6 defects were grafted with collagen matrix with daidzein. In the control groups, 6 defects were grafted with collagen matrix alone (positive control) and 6 were left empty (negative control). Animals were killed on day 14 and the defects were dissected and prepared for histological assessment. Serial sections were cut across each defect. Quantitative analysis of new bone formation was made on 100 sections (50 sections for each group of daidzein and positive control) using image analysis. A total of 602% more new bone was present in defects grafted with daidzein in collagen matrix than those grafted with the collagen matrix alone. Very little new bone formed in the negative control group. In conclusion, daidzein in collagen matrix has the effect of increasing new bone formation locally and can be used for bone grafting.
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Humans; Isoflavones; Rabbits
PubMed: 19273301
DOI: 10.2741/3479 -
Radiology Case Reports Aug 2022An 86-year-old man sustained progressive motor weakness in the left lower extremity for 1 month. Cranial computed tomography (CT) revealed an isodense mass in the right...
An 86-year-old man sustained progressive motor weakness in the left lower extremity for 1 month. Cranial computed tomography (CT) revealed an isodense mass in the right parietal lobe, with a smooth-contoured focal erosion in the adjacent parietal bone. The extra-axial tumor appeared isointense on T1- and hyperintense on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with intense enhancement. On three-dimensional CT angiography, the ectatic left occipital artery coursed into the right parietal foramina and connected with a dilated meningeal vessel supplying the tumor. The focal erosion formed in the inner parietal bone was located adjacent to the feeding vessel. A total tumor resection was achieved. The microscopic findings of the resected specimen were consistent with a World Health Organization grade III hemangiopericytoma (HPC). Bone erosion and peripheral feeding vessels may be characteristic findings of intracranial solitary fibrous tumor (SFT)/HPC. Careful interpretation of neuroimages could help detect clues for distinguishing an SFT/HPC masquerading as a meningioma from a true meningioma.
PubMed: 35669225
DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.04.050 -
Complex skull defects reconstruction with САD/САМ titanium and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants.Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N.... 2014Predictable and stable functional and aesthetic result is the aim of priority for the neurosurgeon dealing with the reconstruction of large cranial bone defects and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
UNLABELLED
Predictable and stable functional and aesthetic result is the aim of priority for the neurosurgeon dealing with the reconstruction of large cranial bone defects and complex-formed skull defects involving cranio-orbital region.
AIM
the paper presents the experience with САD/САМ titanium and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants for complex-formed and large skull bone defects reconstruction.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Between 2005 and 2013 nine patients (5 females and 4 males) underwent cranioplasty and cranio-facial reconstruction with insertion of the customized САD/САМ titanium and PEEK implants. Computer-assisted preoperative planning was undertaken by the surgeon and the engineer together in 3 cases to provide accurate implant design. Eight patients had complex-formed and large posttraumatic defects of fronto-orbital (7 cases) and parietal (one case) regions. In two of these cases one-step reconstruction surgery for posttraumatic fronto-orbital defects combined with adjacent orbital roof (one case) and orbito-zygomatic (one case) deformities was performed. One patient underwent one-step primary cranioplasty after cranio-orbital fibrous dysplasia focus resection. Titanium implants were used in 4 cases while PEEK implants - in 5 ones. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months till 8,5 years (median 4,4 years).
RESULTS
The accuracy of the implant intraoperative fit was perfect in all cases. Postoperative wounds healed primary and there were no any complications in the series presented. Post-op clinical assessment and CT data testified to high implants precision, good functional and aesthetic outcomes in all patients.
CONCLUSION
САD/САМ titanium and PEEK implants application should allow for optimal reconstruction in the challenging patients with complex-formed and large skull bone defects providing predictable good functional and aesthetic result together with surgery morbidity and duration reduction. Computer-assisted preoperative planning should be undertaken for САD/САМ implants creation in the cases of posttraumatic defects combined with adjacent bone structures deformities and benign bone tumors of cranio-orbital region, thus enabling one-step reconstructive surgery resulted in essential symmetry attained.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Benzophenones; Child; Computer-Aided Design; Female; Humans; Ketones; Male; Orbit; Parietal Bone; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Prostheses and Implants; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Titanium
PubMed: 25406805
DOI: No ID Found -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Nov 2017Osteoinduction and subsequent bone formation rely on efficient mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment. It is also known that migration is induced by gradients of growth...
BACKGROUND
Osteoinduction and subsequent bone formation rely on efficient mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment. It is also known that migration is induced by gradients of growth factors and cytokines. Degradation of Ca-containing biomaterials mimics the bone remodeling compartment producing a localized calcium-rich osteoinductive microenvironment. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of calcium sulfate (CaSO) on MSC migration. In addition, to evaluate the influence of CaSO on MSC differentiation and the potential molecular mechanisms involved.
METHODS
A circular calvarial bone defect (5 mm diameter) was created in the parietal bone of 35 Balb-C mice. We prepared and implanted a cell-free agarose/gelatin scaffold alone or in combination with different CaSO concentrations into the bone defects. After 7 weeks, we determined the new bone regenerated by micro-CT and histological analysis. In vitro, we evaluated the CaSO effects on MSC migration by both wound healing and agarose spot assays. Osteoblastic gene expression after BMP-2 and CaSO treatment was also evaluated by qPCR.
RESULTS
CaSO increased MSC migration and bone formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Micro-CT analysis showed that the addition of CaSO significantly enhanced bone regeneration compared to the scaffold alone. The histological evaluation confirmed an increased number of endogenous cells recruited into the cell-free CaSO-containing scaffolds. Furthermore, MSC migration in vitro and active AKT levels were attenuated when CaSO and BMP-2 were in combination. Addition of LY294002 and Wortmannin abrogated the CaSO effects on MSC migration.
CONCLUSIONS
Specific CaSO concentrations induce bone regeneration of calvarial defects in part by acting on the host's undifferentiated MSCs and promoting their migration. Progenitor cell recruitment is followed by a gradual increment in osteoblast gene expression. Moreover, CaSO regulates BMP-2-induced MSC migration by differentially activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Altogether, these results suggest that CaSO scaffolds could have potential applications for bone regeneration.
Topics: Androstadienes; Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; Bone Regeneration; Calcium Sulfate; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Chromones; Gelatin; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Morpholines; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Parietal Bone; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Primary Cell Culture; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Sepharose; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; Wortmannin
PubMed: 29145866
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0713-0 -
Veterinary Sciences Apr 2023Melanocytic tumour anatomic location is considered an important prognostic indicator. The cutaneous forms are generally considered benign and may show various biological...
Melanocytic tumour anatomic location is considered an important prognostic indicator. The cutaneous forms are generally considered benign and may show various biological behaviours. This work reports a rare case of canine cutaneous melanoma showing parietal bone metastasis. Bone invasion in melanocytic tumours is often described in oral or visceral melanomas, but not in cutaneous forms. The patient (dog, male, mixed breed, 12 years) was initially presented for the surgical removal of a cutaneous tumour located on the skin of the carpal region of the right forelimb. Four months after, the patient returned with enlarged lymph nodes and acute respiratory failure. The patient was euthanized due to a decline in physical condition. The necropsy showed metastases in the affected forelimb, regional lymph node, splanchnic organs, parietal bone and meninges. Histopathological examination of tumour tissue samples revealed a mixture of pigmented and non-pigmented spindle and epithelioid melanocytes, while according to immunohistochemistry, the tumours showed a strong immunopositivity for VEGF and MMP-10, and a moderate positivity for MMP-2 expression. This case shows that cutaneous melanocytic tumours may show an aggressive malignant form with positive immunohistochemical reactions for multiple invasiveness factors.
PubMed: 37104437
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040282 -
Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part... Jul 2021Congenital frontoethmoidal encephaloceles are associated with a shallow sloping forehead. We (1) sought to determine if early repair reverses abnormal forehead...
Congenital frontoethmoidal encephaloceles are associated with a shallow sloping forehead. We (1) sought to determine if early repair reverses abnormal forehead slope, and (2) assessed a modification of the fetal profile (FP) line to assess results. Study of two cases. Newborns with frontoethmoidal encephaloceles repaired prior to the age of 4 months with cranial base bone grafting. Forehead slope was assessed using a modification of the FP line, defined as the line that passes through the anterior border of the mandible and nasion, on pre and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the midsagittal plane. A modified FP (mFP) line anterior to the forehead was " - ", while a posterior (normal) mFP line was " + ." The largest distance from the mFP line to the forehead was measured. Both infants underwent bifrontal craniotomy, excision of encephalocele, and repair of cribriform plate defect using full-thickness autologous parietal bone before the age of 4 months. Preoperatively, the mFP line was -20.6 mm in case 1, and -9.8 mm in case 2. In both cases, follow-up MRI showed excellent reversal of forehead slope and normal calvarium development. The mFP line improved to +7.4 (age = 16 months) in case 1, and +7.6 (age = 11 months) in case 2. The parietal bone donor site ossified completely within 3 months in both cases. Early repair with bone grafting can promote normal frontal bone development and improve forehead slope. The mFP line is a useful method to measure degree of forehead slope.
PubMed: 34306953
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401998