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Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... Aug 2021This article reviews the laboratory's role in identifying causes of chemical-induced allergic dermatitis. Several topics will be discussed. Allergen hazard... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the laboratory's role in identifying causes of chemical-induced allergic dermatitis. Several topics will be discussed. Allergen hazard identification refers to testing of chemicals for their sensitization potential. Animal-based, in silico, in chemico, and in vitro tests have been developed to identify the skin sensitization hazard of potential chemical allergens, but only a few of these are accepted by regulatory agencies. Laboratory investigations have also evaluated the stability of several commercially available allergic contact dermatitis patch tests. Such studies are considered product testing and are usually conducted in analytical chemistry laboratories.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Laboratories; Patch Tests; Skin
PubMed: 34225898
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2021.04.003 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2022The aim of this study was to identify which types of skin reactions are associated with slime toys and which of their ingredients are most frequently involved in cases... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to identify which types of skin reactions are associated with slime toys and which of their ingredients are most frequently involved in cases of poisoning.
DATA SOURCE
Between January and July 2021, articles were selected using PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. The following descriptors were used: (dermatitis OR rash OR eczema OR inflammation) AND slime. Inclusion criteria were articles available in full, in either Portuguese, English, or Spanish, published between January 2000 and July 31, 2021, and articles reporting cases of contact dermatitis or eczema potentially or directly attributed to slime toys. Articles not meeting these criteria and duplicate texts in the databases were excluded.
DATA SYNTHESIS
In total, 65 publications were identified, of which 16 were included in this review. This resulted in a total of 22 children (2 males, 20 females), aged between 4 and 13 years, who were reportedly intoxicated by slime toys, most of these being linked to homemade preparations. Studies reported the occurrence of contact or allergic dermatitis on hands, fingers, nails, forearms, and cheeks. The most allergenic and/or irritant ingredients included liquid detergent and soap. Additionally, patch tests identified positive reactions to methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone, the preservatives used by chemical industries on preparation of glue, soap, detergents, etc.
CONCLUSIONS
Although slime toys might be important for improving motor development and parental relationships, homemade slime toy recipes include several allergenic and irritant ingredients which might be exposed to vulnerable children and cause intoxications. Therefore, homemade slime toys preparations should be used cautiously and under the supervision of adults.
Topics: Child; Male; Adult; Female; Adolescent; Humans; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Irritants; Soaps; Patch Tests; Eczema; Allergens
PubMed: 36383795
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021357 -
Contact Dermatitis Sep 2021Because Myroxylon pereirae (MP), or balsam of Peru, is nowadays almost not used "as such," and fragrance mix 1 (FM1) apparently is more sensitive in detecting fragrance...
BACKGROUND
Because Myroxylon pereirae (MP), or balsam of Peru, is nowadays almost not used "as such," and fragrance mix 1 (FM1) apparently is more sensitive in detecting fragrance allergy, the usefulness of testing MP in baseline series was recently questioned.
OBJECTIVES
Identification of the number of clinically relevant patch test reactions to MP not detected by FM1.
METHODS
Retrospective analysis of 12 030 patients patch tested with MP and FM1 for contact dermatitis between January 2018 and December 2019 in 13 Italian dermatology clinics.
RESULTS
Four hundred thirty-nine patients (3.6%) had a positive patch test reaction to MP; 437 (3.6%) had a positive patch test reaction to FM1. Positive reactions to both MP and FM1 were observed in 119 subjects (1.0%), 310 (2.6%) reacted to MP only, 304 (2.5%) to FM1 only, 5 to MP and sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO), 9 to FM1 and SSO, and 5 to MP, FM1, and SSO. Single sensitizations were clinically relevant in 75.2% of cases for MP (62.9% current, 12.3% past) and 76.3% for FM1 (70.1% current, 6.2% past).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on our results, MP appears to be still worth testing along with FM1 in baseline series, because it allows detection of a remarkable number of fragrance allergies, often relevant, which would be otherwise missed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Balsams; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Hexoses; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odorants; Patch Tests; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 33748955
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13839 -
Contact Dermatitis Feb 2022Apprentice nurses are considered at high risk to developing occupational skin diseases.
BACKGROUND
Apprentice nurses are considered at high risk to developing occupational skin diseases.
OBJECTIVES
This study assessed the frequency and origin of hand eczema, and work-related risk factors in apprentice nurses.
METHODS
The study involved 240 final-year apprentice nurses (females 75%, median age 19 years) from vocational schools in Zagreb, Croatia. The study was performed in 2020/2021 and included a questionnaire and clinical examination by means of the Osnabrück Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI). Skin prick test (SPT) with natural rubber latex (NRL) allergen, and patch test with the basic series of allergens, and disinfectants, were performed in 42 apprentice nurses with hand eczema that lasted more than 3 months.
RESULTS
Clinically observed and self-reported hand eczema were found in 49% and 46% of apprentice nurses, respectively. Those with observed changes were older and reported more days per month spent on practical work than those with healthy skin (P = .001). Median OHSI was 4 (interquartile range 2-6). There were no positive SPTs to latex, and 11 (26%) apprentice nurses had positive patch test reactions to one or more tested allergens, mostly nickel.
CONCLUSIONS
Hand eczema was common in final-year apprentice nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was mostly of irritative origin, associated with the duration of practical training, confirming cumulative effect of hazards on skin barrier.
Topics: COVID-19; Croatia; Dermatitis, Occupational; Eczema; Female; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Patch Tests; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Students, Nursing; Young Adult
PubMed: 34773266
DOI: 10.1111/cod.14006 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica Sep 1994Premenstrual exacerbation of allergic contact dermatitis and varying allergic patch test responses have been reported at different points of the period. Using a dilution...
Premenstrual exacerbation of allergic contact dermatitis and varying allergic patch test responses have been reported at different points of the period. Using a dilution series of nickel sulphate, we studied the variation in patch test reactivity in nickel allergic women in relation to the menstrual cycle. Twenty women with regular periods were tested on day 7-10 and on day 20-24. Ten nickel patch tests with different concentrations were applied using the TRUE test assay, and the threshold concentration of nickel sulphate eliciting an erythematous reaction was determined. Half of the women were tested first on day 7-10 and the other half first on day 20-24. There was no difference in the degree of patch test reactivity, when the results from day 7-10 and day 20-24 were compared (p > 0.4). However, when we compared the patch test results from the first and second test procedure, we found an increased nickel sensitivity at the second patch test (0.02 < p < 0.05), suggesting a booster effect from the first patch test procedure. In conclusion, we could not demonstrate an increased sensitivity to nickel sulphate patch tests premenstrually in 20 nickel allergic women, but we found that elicitation of positive patch tests led to an increased skin reactivity towards the same allergen, when the patients were retested weeks later.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Nickel; Patch Tests
PubMed: 7817678
DOI: 10.2340/0001555574383385 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jul 2022The dysfunctionality of the protective skin barrier in psoriasis allows easier cutaneous penetration of various contact haptens; thus, such patients can develop allergic... (Review)
Review
The dysfunctionality of the protective skin barrier in psoriasis allows easier cutaneous penetration of various contact haptens; thus, such patients can develop allergic contact hypersensitivity as a comorbidity. Both skin conditions involve T-cell-mediated mechanisms. Dermatologists and allergists should consider assessing allergic contact cell-mediated hypersensitivity in selected psoriasis patients, especially those with palmoplantar psoriasis and who are refractory to topical treatments, and in patients with psoriasis, with or without arthritis, treated with biologics that present skin lesions clinically suggestive of contact dermatitis.
Topics: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Patch Tests; Psoriasis; Skin; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 35888633
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070914 -
Computers in Biology and Medicine Aug 2022The alcohol patch test (APT) can detect aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genetic polymorphisms used to diagnose cutaneous erythema. However, the subjective results can vary...
BACKGROUND
The alcohol patch test (APT) can detect aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genetic polymorphisms used to diagnose cutaneous erythema. However, the subjective results can vary owing to confounding factors. The hue-saturation-value (HSV) model provides an objective means of image analysis with APT.
METHODS
This study enrolled 57 participants (27.7 ± 9.0 years, 52.6% females) with ALDH2*1/*1, ALDH2*1/*2, and ALDH2*2/*2 percentages of 50.9%, 43.8%, and 5.3%, respectively. In total, 56 APT protocols were applied and analyzed employing both visual inspection and the HSV model. The value of the delta standard deviation (SD) of the hue histogram, which manifests the difference between the APT reaction and the baseline skin color, was obtained using the HSV model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to predict the ALDH2*2 allele with the HSV model.
RESULTS
Upon visual inspection, a maximal Youden index with a sensitivity of 82.1% and a specificity of 96.6% was determined for the ALDH2 genetic mutation. Using the delta SD of hue obtained in the HSV model, a maximal Youden index with 85.7% sensitivity and 96.6% specificity was determined using the ROC curve analysis (AUC = 0.948, p < 0.001). Thus, the use of the HSV model analysis with APT resulted in equal specificity, but better sensitivity, compared to those obtained upon visual inspection.
CONCLUSION
The HSV model took into account the potential confounding factors, and thus, could help in the prediction of ALDH2 genetic polymorphisms.
Topics: Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Ethanol; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Patch Tests; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 35793586
DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105783 -
JAMA Dermatology Mar 2023The common use of isothiazolinones as preservatives is a global cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Differences in allowable concentrations of methylisothiazolinone...
IMPORTANCE
The common use of isothiazolinones as preservatives is a global cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Differences in allowable concentrations of methylisothiazolinone (MI) exist in Europe, Canada, and the US.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the prevalence of positive patch test reactions to the methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) combination and MI alone in North America and Europe from 2009 to 2018.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This retrospective analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group, European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA), and the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) databases included data from patients presenting for patch testing at referral patch test clinics in North America and Europe.
EXPOSURES
Patch tests to MCI/MI and MI.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to MCI/MI and MI.
RESULTS
From 2009 to 2018, participating sites in North America and Europe patch tested a total of 226 161 individuals to MCI/MI and 118 779 to MI. In Europe, positivity to MCI/MI peaked during 2013 and 2014 at 7.6% (ESSCA) and 5.4% (IVDK) before decreasing to 4.4% (ESSCA) and 3.2% (IVDK) during 2017 and 2018. Positive reactions to MI were 5.5% (ESSCA) and 3.4% (IVDK) during 2017 and 2018. In North America, the frequency of positivity to MCI/MI increased steadily through the study period, reaching 10.8% for MCI/MI during 2017 and 2018. Positive reactions to MI were 15.0% during 2017 and 2018.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The study results suggest that in contrast to the continued increase in North America, isothiazolinone allergy is decreasing in Europe. This trend may coincide with earlier and more stringent government regulation of MI in Europe.
Topics: Humans; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; North America; Europe; Patch Tests
PubMed: 36652228
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.5991 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Sep 2016The Spanish standard patch test series, as recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC), has been updated for 2016. The new...
The Spanish standard patch test series, as recommended by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC), has been updated for 2016. The new series replaces the 2012 version and contains the minimum set of allergens recommended for routine investigation of contact allergy in Spain from 2016 onwards. Four haptens -clioquinol, thimerosal, mercury, and primin- have been eliminated owing to a low frequency of relevant allergic reactions, while 3 new allergens -methylisothiazolinone, diazolidinyl urea, and imidazolidinyl urea- have been added. GEIDAC has also modified the recommended aqueous solution concentrations for the 2 classic, major haptens methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone, which are now to be tested at 200ppm in aqueous solution, and formaldehyde, which is now to be tested in a 2% aqueous solution. Updating the Spanish standard series is one of the functions of GEIDAC, which is responsible for ensuring that the standard series is suited to the country's epidemiological profile and pattern of contact sensitization.
Topics: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Patch Tests; Spain
PubMed: 27262363
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.04.009 -
Contact Dermatitis Jan 2021Lanolin is often included when patch testing for common contact allergens. The clinical relevance of a positive patch test reaction to lanolin markers is, however, still... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Lanolin is often included when patch testing for common contact allergens. The clinical relevance of a positive patch test reaction to lanolin markers is, however, still a subject for debate.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate Amerchol L101 as a marker of lanolin allergy and investigate the clinical impact of lanolin-containing moisturizers on healthy and damaged skin using the repeated open application test (ROAT).
METHODS
Twelve test subjects and 14 controls were patch tested with Amerchol L 101 and additional lanolin markers. Subsequently, a blinded ROAT was performed on the arms of the study participants for 4 weeks. Each participant applied a lanolin-free cream base and two different lanolin-containing test creams twice daily on one arm with intact skin and on the other arm with irritant dermatitis, induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
RESULTS
Eleven test subjects (92%) had positive patch test reactions to Amerchol L 101 when retested and one test subject (8%) had a doubtful reaction. None of the study participants had any skin reactions to the ROAT on intact skin and all participants healed during the ROAT on damaged skin.
CONCLUSIONS
Lanolin-containing emollients do not cause or worsen existing dermatitis when performing ROAT in volunteers patch test positive to Amerchol L101.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Irritant; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Lanolin; Patch Tests; Skin Cream
PubMed: 32844454
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13689