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Plant, Cell & Environment May 2019Salt stress is a major environmental threat to meeting the food demands of an increasing global population. The identification and exploitation of salt adaption...
Salt stress is a major environmental threat to meeting the food demands of an increasing global population. The identification and exploitation of salt adaption mechanisms in plants are therefore vital for crop breeding. We here define the rice mutant (sstm1) whose salt sensitivity was unambiguously assigned to a single T-DNA insertion through segregational analysis following backcrossing to the wild type line. Insertion was within OsTSD2, which encoded a pectin methyltransferase. The sstm1 and allelic mutants, collectively known as tsd2, displayed higher content of Na and lower level of K in the shoot, which is likely to lead to reduced salt tolerance. Molecular analysis revealed reduced expression of the genes maintaining K /Na homeostasis in tsd2, including OsHKT1;5, OsSOS1, and OsKAT1. Furthermore, OsTSD2 influenced ion distribution between the hull and the rice seed, which could improve food safety with heavy metal pollution. Amino acid levels tended to be increased in tsd2 mutants, implicating a role of pectin in the regulation of metabolism. Taken together, we have demonstrated an important facet of salt tolerance, which implicated OsTSD2-mediated cell wall pectin modification as a key component that could be widely applied in crop science.
Topics: Cell Wall; Genes, Plant; Homeostasis; Methyltransferases; Mutation; Oryza; Pectins; Potassium; Salt Tolerance; Seeds; Sodium
PubMed: 30536744
DOI: 10.1111/pce.13499 -
Food Chemistry Sep 2023The main by-product from olive oil extraction (alperujo) was extracted with hot water, citric acid, natural deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride: citric acid), and...
The main by-product from olive oil extraction (alperujo) was extracted with hot water, citric acid, natural deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride: citric acid), and only choline chloride. The purified extracts were composed of macromolecular complexes constituting polyphenols associated with pectin. The extracts were structurally characterized by FT-IR and solid-NMR spectroscopy and an in vitro test revealed distinct antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, depending on the extracting agents. The choline chloride-extracted complex contained the highest amount of polyphenols among the examined agents, which exhibited a strong antioxidant activity and significant antiproliferative capacity. However, the complex extracted by hot water showed the highest antiproliferative capacity in vitro against the colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line. In this finding, choline chloride could be used as a novel, green and promising alternative to the conventional extracting agent for the production of complexes that combine the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and the physiological effects of pectic polysaccharides.
Topics: Humans; Polyphenols; Pectins; Plant Extracts; Choline; Olea; Antioxidants; Caco-2 Cells; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Solvents; Water; Citric Acid
PubMed: 37030208
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136073 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2021The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect of adding sodium alginate and pectin to a carbohydrate (CHO) beverage on exogenous glucose (ExGluc) oxidation rate...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect of adding sodium alginate and pectin to a carbohydrate (CHO) beverage on exogenous glucose (ExGluc) oxidation rate compared with an isocaloric CHO beverage.
METHODS
Following familiarization, eight well-trained endurance athletes performed four bouts of prolonged running (105 min; 71 ± 4% of VOmax) while ingesting 175 mL of one of the experimental beverages every 15 min. In randomized order, participants consumed either 70 gh of maltodextrin and fructose (10% CHO; NORM), 70 gh of maltodextrin, fructose, sodium alginate, and pectin (10% CHO; ENCAP), 180 gh of maltodextrin, fructose, sodium alginate, and pectin (26% CHO; HiENCAP), or water (WAT). All CHO beverages had a maltodextrin:fructose ratio of 1:0.7 and contained 1.5 gL of sodium chloride. Total substrate oxidation, ExGluc oxidation rate, blood glucose, blood lactate, serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration, and RPE were measured for every 15 min. Every 30 min participants provided information regarding their gastrointestinal discomfort (GID).
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in peak ExGluc oxidation between NORM and ENCAP (0.63 ± 0.07 and 0.64 ± 0.11 gmin, respectively; > 0.5), both of which were significantly lower than HiENCAP (1.13 ± 0.13 gmin, < 0.01). Both NORM and HiENCAP demonstrated higher total CHO oxidation than WAT from 60 and 75 min, respectively, until the end of exercise, with no differences between CHO trials. During the first 60 min, blood glucose was significantly lower in WAT compared with NORM and HiENCAP, but no differences were found between CHO beverages. Both ENCAP and HiENCAP demonstrated a higher blood glucose concentration from 60-105 min than WAT, and ENCAP was significantly higher than HiENCAP. There were no significant differences in reported GID symptoms between the trials.
CONCLUSIONS
At moderate ingestion rates (i.e., 70 gh), the addition of sodium alginate and pectin did not influence the ExGluc oxidation rate compared with an isocaloric CHO beverage. At very high ingestion rates (i.e., 180 gh), high rates of ExGluc oxidation were achieved in line with the literature.
PubMed: 35127792
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.810041 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS, O2•−, HO•, and H2O2) affects the aging process and the development of several diseases. A new frontier on...
Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS, O2•−, HO•, and H2O2) affects the aging process and the development of several diseases. A new frontier on its prevention includes functional foods with both specific probiotics and natural extracts as antioxidants. In this work, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer berries extract was characterized for the presence of beneficial molecules (54.3% pectin-based polysaccharides and 12% ginsenosides), able to specifically support probiotics growth (OD600nm > 5) with a prebiotic index of 0.49. The administration of the extract to a probiotic consortium induced the production of short-chain fatty acids (lactic, butyric, and propionic acids) and other secondary metabolites derived from the biotransformation of Ginseng components. Healthy and tumoral colorectal cell lines (CCD841 and HT-29) were then challenged with these metabolites at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL. The cell viability of HT-29 decreased in a dose-dependent manner after the exposition to the metabolites, while CCD841 vitality was not affected. Regarding ROS production, the metabolites protected CCD841 cells, while ROS levels were increased in HT-29 cells, potentially correlating with the less functionality of glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and total superoxide dismutase enzymes, and a significant increase in oxidized glutathione.
Topics: Antioxidants; Cell Line, Tumor; Colorectal Neoplasms; Fruit; Hydrogen Peroxide; Panax; Plant Extracts; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Reactive Oxygen Species; Humans; HT29 Cells
PubMed: 36613815
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010373 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine Oct 2021Melanoma is derived from malignancies of melanocytes. Anorectal melanoma differs significantly from cutaneous melanoma in clinical presentation, genetic profile, staging...
Melanoma is derived from malignancies of melanocytes. Anorectal melanoma differs significantly from cutaneous melanoma in clinical presentation, genetic profile, staging system, and response to treatment. Anorectal melanoma is seldom diagnosed because most melanoma occurrences are found in the skin tissues. Here, we report 1 case of advanced anorectal melanoma, including its clinical presentation, laboratory findings, imaging, surgical treatment, and pathology. The patient complained of hematochezia and tenesmus. Colonoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan and digital rectal examination (DRE) revealed a mass near the pectinate line. The patient underwent proctectomy along with colostomy, and subsequent pathological examinations suggested anorectal melanoma with serosa involvement (positive markers: S100, HMB-45, etc.). Evidence-based analyses (single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression) were conducted on the tumor tissue to identify the sensitivity to adjuvant therapies. SNP tests suggested no definite efficacies of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, with PD-L1 expression implying poor sensitivity to PD-L1 inhibitors. The postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged on day 7 after admission. However, the patient refused adjuvant therapies and died 11 months after surgery. In conclusion, anorectal melanoma tends to be mistaken for other common diseases in this region owing to its non-specific clinical presentations. Multidisciplinary treatments are recommended to yield the best possible outcome, despite poor prognosis.
Topics: Anus Neoplasms; B7-H1 Antigen; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Melanoma; Precision Medicine; Rectal Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34763479
DOI: 10.21037/apm-21-2240 -
Integrative Cancer Therapies Dec 2018Radiotherapy is one of the primary therapies for localized prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, there is an emerging need to sensitize prostatic cancer cells to...
BACKGROUND
Radiotherapy is one of the primary therapies for localized prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, there is an emerging need to sensitize prostatic cancer cells to chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Modified citrus pectin (MCP) is an effective inhibitor of galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is correlated with tumor progression, proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis.
PURPOSE
This study was directed to evaluate the efficacy of combining ionizing radiation (IR) with MCP on PCa cells.
STUDY DESIGN
Effects of treatments on PCa cells survival were evaluated using XTT assay, flow cytometry, and clonogenic survival assay. Expression of selected proteins was estimated using western blotting. Cell motility, migration, and invasion were determined. Contribution of reactive oxygen species production to treatment effects on cell viability was tested.
RESULTS
Radiotherapy combined with MCP reduced viability and enhanced radiosensitivity associated with a decrease in Gal-3, cleavage of the precursor of caspase-3, increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and downregulation of DNA repair pathways, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. MCP significantly reduced the invasive and migratory potential of PCa cells. Combining sodium pyruvate with MCP and IR mitigated the effect on cell viability.
CONCLUSION
Our findings demonstrated that MCP sensitized PCa cells to IR by downregulating anti-apoptotic Gal-3, modulating DNA repair pathways, and increasing ROS production. For the first time the correlation between MCP, radiotherapy, and Gal-3 for prostatic cancer treatment was found. In addition, MCP reduced the metastatic properties of PCa cells. These findings provide MCP as a radiosensitizing agent to enhance IR cytotoxicity, overcome radioresistance, and reduce clinical IR dose.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; DNA Repair; Down-Regulation; Flow Cytometry; Galectin 3; Humans; Male; Neovascularization, Pathologic; PC-3 Cells; Pectins; Prostatic Neoplasms; Radiation Tolerance; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 30043669
DOI: 10.1177/1534735418790382 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose constitute the primary cell wall in eudicots and function in multiple developmental processes in plants. Root hairs are outgrowths...
Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose constitute the primary cell wall in eudicots and function in multiple developmental processes in plants. Root hairs are outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Cell wall architecture influences root hair development, but how cell wall remodeling might enable enhanced root hair formation in response to phosphate (P) deficiency remains relatively unclear. Here, we found that POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION 2 (PGX2) functions in conditional root hair development. Under low P conditions, a activation tagged line ( ) displays bubble-like root hairs and abnormal callose deposition and superoxide accumulation in roots. We found that the polar localization and trafficking of PIN2 are altered in roots in response to P deficiency. We also found that actin filaments were less compact but more stable in root hair cells and that actin filament skewness in root hairs was recovered by treatment with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. These results demonstrate that activation tagging of affects cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and actin microfilament orientation, which may cooperatively regulate root hair development in response to P starvation.
PubMed: 35586221
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862171 -
International Journal of Biological... Jan 2018Our previous paper reported the structure of ginseng pectic polysaccharides related to the cell migration inhibitory effects, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly...
Our previous paper reported the structure of ginseng pectic polysaccharides related to the cell migration inhibitory effects, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this manuscript, rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI)-rich pectins prepared from ginseng pectin were investigated for their effect on cell migration. The results indicated that the combination of homogalacturonan (HG) and RGI-rich pectins exerted stronger effects than either HG- or RGI-rich pectin alone. Further studies revealed that the effects of HG- and RGI-rich pectins were dependent on pretreatment, which caused alterations in cell morphologies such as cell size and shape, focal adhesion, and the organization of actin filaments, suggesting that HG and RGI pectins exert synergistic effects on cell migration, likely through different ways. Morphological data and quantitative cell adhesion and spreading assays showed that HG- and RGI-rich pectin treatment decreased cell adhesion and cell spreading on the substratum, suggesting that HG- and RGI-rich pectins may exert their effects on cell migration via decreasing cell adhesion and cell spreading. Additionally, we showed that L-929 cells expressed little galectin-3 (Gal-3) and that lactose, an inhibitor of Gal-3 did not block the activities of HG- and RGI-rich pectins, implicating that cell migration inhibited by pectin did not correlate to Gal-3.
Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Cell Shape; Cell Size; Drug Synergism; Fibroblasts; Focal Adhesions; Galectin 3; Gene Expression; Lactose; Mice; Panax; Pectins
PubMed: 28797814
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.004 -
Biomaterials Science Oct 2018The design of new hydrogel-based biomaterials with tunable physical and biological properties is essential for the advancement of applications related to tissue...
The design of new hydrogel-based biomaterials with tunable physical and biological properties is essential for the advancement of applications related to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For instance, interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) and semi-IPN hydrogels have been widely explored to engineer functional tissues due to their characteristic microstructural and mechanical properties. Here, we engineered IPN and semi-IPN hydrogels comprised of a tough pectin grafted polycaprolactone (pectin-g-PCL) component to provide mechanical stability, and a highly cytocompatible gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) component to support cellular growth and proliferation. IPN hydrogels were formed by calcium ion (Ca2+)-crosslinking of pectin-g-PCL chains, followed by photocrosslinking of the GelMA precursor. Conversely, semi-IPN networks were formed by photocrosslinking of the pectin-g-PCL and GelMA mixture, in the absence of Ca2+ crosslinking. IPN and semi-IPN hydrogels synthesized with varying ratios of pectin-g-PCL to GelMA, with and without Ca2+-crosslinking, exhibited a broad range of mechanical properties. For semi-IPN hydrogels, the aggregation of microcrystalline cores led to formation of hydrogels with compressive moduli ranging from 3.1 to 10.4 kPa. For IPN hydrogels, the mechanistic optimization of pectin-g-PCL, GelMA, and Ca2+ concentrations resulted in hydrogels with comparatively higher compressive modulus, in the range of 39 kPa-5029 kPa. Our results also showed that IPN hydrogels were cytocompatible in vitro and could support the growth of three-dimensionally (3D) encapsulated MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts in vitro. The simplicity, technical feasibility, low cost, tunable mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of the engineered semi-IPN and IPN hydrogels highlight their potential for different tissue engineering and biomedical applications.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cross-Linking Reagents; Gelatin; Humans; Hydrogels; Materials Testing; Molecular Weight; Pectins; Photochemical Processes; Polyesters; Polymerization; Polymethacrylic Acids; Surface Properties; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 30246835
DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00474a -
International Journal of Biological... 2016Low-molecular-weight citrus pectin (LCP) is a complex polysaccharide that displays abundant galactosyl (i.e., sugar carbohydrate) residues. In this study, we evaluated...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Low-molecular-weight citrus pectin (LCP) is a complex polysaccharide that displays abundant galactosyl (i.e., sugar carbohydrate) residues. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor properties of LCP that lead to Bcl-xL -mediated dampening of apoptosis in gastrointestinal cancer cells.
METHODS
We used AGS gastric cancer and SW-480 colorectal cancer cells to elucidate the effects of LCP on cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis in cultured cells and tumor xenografts.
RESULTS
Significantly decreased cell viabilities were observed in LCP treated AGS and SW-480 cells (P<0.05). Cell cycle-related protein expression, such as Cyclin B1, was also decreased in LCP treated groups as compared to the untreated group. The AGS or SW-480 cell-line tumor xenografts were significantly smaller in the LCP treated group as compared the untreated group (P<0.05). LCP treatment decreased Galectin-3 (GAL-3) expression levels, which is an important gene in cancer metastasis that results in reversion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased suppression of Bcl-xL and Survivin to promote apoptosis. Moreover, results demonstrated synergistic tumor suppressor activity of LCP and 5-FU against gastrointestinal cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro.
CONCLUSIONS
LCP effectively inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer cells, and does so in part by down-regulating Bcl-xL and Cyclin B to promote apoptosis, and suppress EMT. Thus, LCP alone or in combination with other treatments has a high potential as a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
Topics: Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Galectin 3; Humans; Pectins; Stomach Neoplasms; bcl-X Protein
PubMed: 27194951
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13988