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Childhood Obesity (Print) Feb 2016This systematic review synthesizes the literature on incidence of obesity during childhood. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This systematic review synthesizes the literature on incidence of obesity during childhood.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and used the Web of Science tool in June 2015. Studies were included if they were published in English, presented results from primary or secondary analyses, used data about children in the US, provided obesity incidence data on children 0 to 18 years born after 1970, and did not pertain to clinically defined populations (disease, medication use, etc.). Author(s), study year, study design, location, sample size, age, and obesity incidence estimates were abstracted.
RESULTS
Nineteen studies were included, three of which used nationally representative data. The median study-specific annual obesity incidences among studies using U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts were 4.0%, 3.2%, and 1.8% for preschool (2.0-4.9 years), school aged (5.0-12.9 years), and adolescence (13.0-18.0 years), respectively. This pattern of declining obesity incidence with age was consistent between and within studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies of childhood obesity in the US indicate declining incidence with age. Childhood obesity prevention efforts should be targeted to ages before obesity onset. Longitudinal data and consistent obesity definitions that correlate with long-term morbidity are needed to better characterize the life history of obesity.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Pediatric Obesity; Public Health; United States
PubMed: 26618249
DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0055 -
Current Obesity Reports Sep 2018Children with obesity experience disordered eating attitudes and behaviors at high rates, which increases their risk for adult obesity and eating disorder development.... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW
Children with obesity experience disordered eating attitudes and behaviors at high rates, which increases their risk for adult obesity and eating disorder development. As such, it is imperative to screen for disordered eating symptoms and identify appropriate treatments.
RECENT FINDINGS
Family-based multicomponent behavioral weight loss treatment (FBT) is effective at treating childhood obesity and demonstrates positive outcomes on psychosocial outcomes, including disordered eating. FBT utilizes a socio-ecological treatment approach that focuses on the development of individual and family healthy energy-balance behaviors as well as positive self- and body esteem, supportive family relationships, richer social networks, and the creation of a broader environment and community that facilitates overall physical and mental health. Existing literature suggests FBT is an effective treatment option for disordered eating and obesity in children. Future work is needed to confirm this conclusion and to examine the progression and interaction of obesity and disordered eating across development to identify the optimal time for intervention.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Child; Child Behavior; Comorbidity; Feeding Behavior; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Healthy Lifestyle; Humans; Male; Pediatric Obesity; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 30069717
DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0316-9 -
PloS One 2023The roles of minerals in obesity received increasing attention recently due to its oxidant or antioxidant functions and effects on insulin and glucose metabolism that...
BACKGROUND
The roles of minerals in obesity received increasing attention recently due to its oxidant or antioxidant functions and effects on insulin and glucose metabolism that may be associated with obesity. Herein, this study aims to explore the association between minerals and obesity and body mass index (BMI) in children with different ages, and hope to provide some references for prevention and management in children with high-risk of obesity.
METHODS
Data of children aged 2-17 years old were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database in 2007-2014 in this cross-sectional study. Weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression and liner regression analyses were used to screen covariates, and explore the association between minerals [including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and selenium (Se)] and childhood obesity and BMI. The evaluation indexes were β, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). These relationships were also investigated in age subgroups.
RESULTS
Among 10,450 eligible children, 1,988 (19.02%) had obesity. After adjusting for covariates, we found the highest quartile of dietary Fe [OR = 0.74, 95%CI: (0.58, 0.95)] and Zn [OR = 0.70, 95%CI: (0.54, 0.92)] intakes were associated with low odds of childhood obesity, while that of dietary Na intake seemed to be positively linked to childhood obesity [OR = 1.35, 95%CI: (1.05, 1.74)]. High dietary intakes of Ca, Na and K were positively associated with children's BMI, on the contrary, dietary Fe and Zn consumptions had a negative one (all P<0.05). Additionally, these associations were also found in children with different age (all P<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Dietary Fe and Zn intakes played positive roles in reducing childhood obesity or BMI, while the intakes of Na should be controlled suitably.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Nutrition Surveys; Pediatric Obesity; Minerals; Nutritional Status; Zinc; Selenium; Sodium; Calcium, Dietary
PubMed: 38150411
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295765 -
American Journal of Physiology.... May 2018Animal models have been critical in building evidence that the prenatal experience and intrauterine environment are capable of exerting profound and permanent effects on... (Review)
Review
Animal models have been critical in building evidence that the prenatal experience and intrauterine environment are capable of exerting profound and permanent effects on metabolic health through developmental programming of obesity. However, despite physiological and evolutionary similarities, nonhuman primate models are relatively rare. The common marmoset monkey ( Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey that has been used as a biomedical model for well more than 50 years and has recently been framed as an appropriate model for exploring early-life impacts on later health and disease. The spontaneous, multifactorial, and early-life development of obesity in the common marmoset make it a valuable research model for advancing our knowledge about the role of the prenatal and placental mechanisms involved in developmental programming of obesity. This paper provides a brief overview of obesity in the common marmoset, followed by a discussion of marmoset reproduction and placental characteristics. We then discuss the occurrence and utility of variable intrauterine environments in developmental programming in marmosets. Evidence of developmental programming of obesity will be given, and finally, we put forward future directions and innovations for including the placenta in developmental programming of obesity in the common marmoset.
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Age Factors; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Callithrix; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nutritional Status; Pediatric Obesity; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29412686
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00164.2017 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Feb 2019A growing number of youth suffer from obesity and in particular severe obesity for which intensive lifestyle intervention does not adequately reduce excess adiposity. A... (Review)
Review
A growing number of youth suffer from obesity and in particular severe obesity for which intensive lifestyle intervention does not adequately reduce excess adiposity. A treatment gap exists wherein effective treatment options for an adolescent with severe obesity include intensive lifestyle modification or metabolic and bariatric surgery while the application of obesity pharmacotherapy remains largely underutilized. These youth often present with numerous obesity-related comorbid diseases, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, prediabetes/type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, musculoskeletal problems, and psychosocial issues such as depression, anxiety, and social stigmatization. Current pediatric obesity treatment algorithms for pediatric primary care providers focus primarily on intensive lifestyle intervention with escalation of treatment intensity through four stages of intervention. Although a recent surge in the number of Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for obesity treatment has emerged in adults, pharmacotherapy options for youth remain limited. Recognizing treatment and knowledge gaps related to pharmacological agents and the urgent need for more effective treatment strategies in this population, discussed here are the efficacy, safety, and clinical application of obesity pharmacotherapy in youth with obesity based on current literature. Legal ramifications, informed consent regulations, and appropriate off-label use of these medications in pediatrics are included, focusing on prescribing practices and prescriber limits.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30677262
DOI: 10.1002/oby.22385 -
Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Feb 2020Despite the rising incidence of childhood obesity, international data from Eurostat show that the prevalence of obesity among those aged 15-19 years remains under 5%,... (Review)
Review
Despite the rising incidence of childhood obesity, international data from Eurostat show that the prevalence of obesity among those aged 15-19 years remains under 5%, which offers an important opportunity for preventing subsequent adult obesity. Young people engage poorly, even obstructively, with conventional health initiatives and are often considered 'hard to reach'. However, when approached in the language of youth, via IT, they express great concern, and unwanted weight gain in young people can be prevented by age-appropriate, independent, online guidance. Additionally, when shown online how 'added value' by industry can generate consumer harms as free market 'externalities', and how obesogenic 'Big Food' production and distribution incur environmental and ethical costs, young people make lasting behavioural changes that attenuate weight gain. This evidence offers a novel approach to obesity prevention, handing the initiative to young people themselves and supporting them with evidence-based methods to develop, propagate and 'own' social movements that can simultaneously address the geopolitical concerns of youth and obesity prevention.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Health Promotion; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Social Behavior; Weight Gain; Young Adult
PubMed: 31784715
DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0288-1 -
Current Obesity Reports Jun 2017Childhood cancer survivors experience excessive weight gain early in treatment. Lifestyle interventions need to be initiated early in cancer care to prevent the early... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Childhood cancer survivors experience excessive weight gain early in treatment. Lifestyle interventions need to be initiated early in cancer care to prevent the early onset of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We reviewed the existing literature on early lifestyle interventions in childhood cancer survivors and consider implications for clinical care.
RECENT FINDINGS
Few lifestyle interventions focus on improving nutrition in childhood cancer survivors. A consistent effect on reducing obesity and CVD risk factors is not evident from the limited number of studies with heterogeneous intervention characteristics, although interventions with a longer duration and follow-up show more promising trends. Future lifestyle interventions should be of a longer duration and include a nutrition component. Interventions with a longer duration and follow-up are needed to assess the timing and sustainability of the intervention effect. Lifestyle interventions introduced early in cancer care are both safe and feasible.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Age of Onset; Cancer Survivors; Child; Child Development; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Diet, Healthy; Early Medical Intervention; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Nutritional Status; Pediatric Obesity; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 28455678
DOI: 10.1007/s13679-017-0260-0 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020
Topics: Health Status; Humans; Life Style; Metabolic Syndrome; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 33250860
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613703 -
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology &... Apr 2018Obesity is highly prevalent in children under the age of 5 years, although its identification in infants under 2 years remains difficult. Several clinical prediction... (Review)
Review
Obesity is highly prevalent in children under the age of 5 years, although its identification in infants under 2 years remains difficult. Several clinical prediction models have been developed for obesity risk in early childhood, using a number of different predictors. The predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of these models varies greatly, and there is no agreed risk threshold for the prediction of early childhood obesity. Of the existing models, only two have been practically utilized, but neither have been particularly successful. This commentary suggests how future research may successfully utilize existing early childhood obesity prediction models for intervention. We also consider the need for such models, and how targeted obesity intervention may be more effective than population-based intervention.
Topics: Body Weight; Child; Humans; Models, Statistical; Pediatric Obesity; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence
PubMed: 29668465
DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0110 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Aug 2021WHO declared obesity a disease in 1979 and has named childhood obesity one of the most pervasive health challenges in the 21st century. The Danish Paediatric Society... (Review)
Review
WHO declared obesity a disease in 1979 and has named childhood obesity one of the most pervasive health challenges in the 21st century. The Danish Paediatric Society concordantly declares childhood obesity a chronic disease. Early treatment of obesity can prevent the disease from escalating into significant psychosocial and somatic complications arising in most organs with the potential to compromise normal growth and development. As argued in this review, the recognition of childhood obesity as a disease will help to increase the development of new treatment measures and health policies to prevent and manage obesity.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Chronic Disease; Humans; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 34378524
DOI: No ID Found