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BMC Public Health Oct 2023Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a widespread female public problem worldwide. And it could lead to infertility, preterm labor, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic...
BACKGROUND
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a widespread female public problem worldwide. And it could lead to infertility, preterm labor, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy (EP) among reproductive-aged women. This study aimed to assess the global burden and trends as well as the chaning correlation between PID and EP in reproductive-aged women from 1990 to 2019.
METHODS
The data of PID and EP among reproductive-aged women (15 to 49 years old) were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. The disease burden was assessed by calculating the case numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR). The changing trends and correlation were evaluated by calculating the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) and Pearson's correlation coefficient.
RESULTS
In 2019, the ASR of PID prevalence was 53.19 per 100,000 population with a decreasing trend from 1990 (EAPC: - 0.50), while the ASR of EP incidence was 342.44 per 100,000 population with a decreasing trend from 1990 (EAPC: - 1.15). Globally, PID and EP burdens changed with a strong positive correlation (Cor = 0.89) globally from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, Western Sub-Saharan Africa, Australasia, and Central Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASR of PID prevalence, and Oceania, Eastern Europe, and Southern Latin America had the highest ASR of EP incidence. Only Western Europe saw significant increasing PID trends, while Eastern Europe and Western Europe saw increasing EP trends. The highest correlations between PID and EP burden were observed in Burkina Faso, Laos, and Bhutan. General negative correlations between the socio-demographic index and the ASR of PID prevalence and the ASR of EP incidence were observed at the national levels.
CONCLUSION
PID and EP continue to be public health burdens with a strong correlation despite slightly decreasing trends detected in ASRs globally. Effective interventions and strategies should be established according to the local situation by policymakers.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Adult; Adolescent; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Reproduction; Incidence; Australasia; Global Burden of Disease; Global Health
PubMed: 37784046
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16663-y -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Dec 2013Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infection of the upper female genital tract and is often asymptomatic. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by infection of the upper female genital tract and is often asymptomatic. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most common gynaecological reason for admission to hospital in the US, and is diagnosed in approximately 1% of women aged 16 to 45 years consulting their GP in England and Wales.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: How do different antimicrobial regimens compare when treating women with confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease? What are the effects of routine antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease before intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) insertion? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to September 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up to date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 13 RCTs or systematic reviews of RCTs that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics (oral, parenteral, different durations, different regimens) and routine antibiotic prophylaxis (before intrauterine device insertion in women at high risk or low risk).
Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Hospitalization; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 24330771
DOI: No ID Found -
Disease-a-month : DM Aug 2016
Review
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States
PubMed: 27107781
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.015 -
American Family Physician Apr 2012Pelvic inflammatory disease is a polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract. It primarily affects young, sexually active women. The diagnosis is made clinically;... (Review)
Review
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract. It primarily affects young, sexually active women. The diagnosis is made clinically; no single test or study is sensitive or specific enough for a definitive diagnosis. Pelvic inflammatory disease should be suspected in at-risk patients who present with pelvic or lower abdominal pain with no identified etiology, and who have cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most commonly implicated microorganisms; however, other microorganisms may be involved. The spectrum of disease ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening tubo-ovarian abscess. Patients should be treated empirically, even if they present with few symptoms. Most women can be treated successfully as outpatients with a single dose of a parenteral cephalosporin plus oral doxycycline, with or without oral metronidazole. Delay in treatment may lead to major sequelae, including chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Hospitalization and parenteral treatment are recommended if the patient is pregnant, has human immunodeficiency virus infection, does not respond to oral medication, or is severely ill. Strategies for preventing pelvic inflammatory disease include routine screening for chlamydia and patient education.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Chlamydia trachomatis; Diagnostic Imaging; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endometrium; Female; Gynecological Examination; Hospitalization; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Mass Screening; Medical History Taking; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 22534388
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatrics in Review Apr 2013
Review
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 23547062
DOI: 10.1542/pir.34-4-163 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2021Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract that has important reproductive consequences to women. We describe the burden of and trends...
BACKGROUND
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper genital tract that has important reproductive consequences to women. We describe the burden of and trends in PID among reproductive-aged women in the United States during 2006-2016.
METHODS
We used data from 2 nationally representative probability surveys collecting self-reported PID history (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey of Family Growth); 5 datasets containing International Classification of Diseases, Ninth/Tenth Revision codes indicating diagnosed PID (Healthcare Utilization Project; National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, emergency department component; National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; National Disease Therapeutic Index; MarketScan); and data from a network of sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics (Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network). Trends during 2006-2016 were estimated overall, by age group and, if available, race/ethnicity, region, and prior STIs.
RESULTS
An estimated 2 million reproductive-aged women self-reported a history of PID. Three of 4 nationally representative data sources showed overall declines in a self-reported PID history, and PID emergency department and physician office visits, with small increases observed in nearly all data sources starting around 2015.
CONCLUSIONS
The burden of PID in the United States is high. Despite declines in burden over time, there is evidence of an increase in recent years.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cost of Illness; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Sexual Behavior; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 34396411
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa771 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2021While infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae is often asymptomatic in women, undetected infections can ascend into the upper genital tract to elicit an inflammatory response... (Review)
Review
While infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae is often asymptomatic in women, undetected infections can ascend into the upper genital tract to elicit an inflammatory response that manifests as pelvic inflammatory disease, with the outcomes depending on the intensity and duration of inflammation and whether it is localized to the endometrial, fallopian tube, ovarian, and/or other tissues. This review examines the contribution of N. gonorrhoeae versus other potential causes of pelvic inflammatory disease by considering new insights gained through molecular, immunological, and microbiome-based analyses, and the current epidemiological burden of infection, with an aim to highlighting key areas for future study.
Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Endometritis; Endometrium; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PubMed: 34396410
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab227 -
Pediatric Emergency Care Jun 2019Most adolescent cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are diagnosed in the emergency department (ED). An important step to prevent PID-related morbidity among this...
OBJECTIVES
Most adolescent cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are diagnosed in the emergency department (ED). An important step to prevent PID-related morbidity among this high-risk population is to quantify prevalence and microbial patterns and identify testing and treatment gaps.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of all visits by adolescents to an urban children's ED with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis of PID in 2012. We used standard descriptive statistics to quantify PID diagnoses, sexually transmitted infections (STI) testing, and treatment.
RESULTS
Pelvic inflammatory disease was diagnosed in more than 9% of women with a chief complaint of abdominal/pelvic pain. Most diagnosed cases underwent some STI testing, and 40% tested positive. Seventy percent of cases received antibiotics recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a high prevalence of PID among adolescents in the pediatric ED. Rates of STI testing and appropriate treatment reveal gaps in diagnosis and management, representing a lost opportunity for identification and treatment of PID/STIs among high-risk adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tertiary Care Centers; Treatment Outcome; Urban Health Services; Young Adult
PubMed: 28441241
DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001148 -
Korean Journal of Radiology Apr 2021The perihepatic space is frequently involved in a spectrum of diseases, including intrahepatic lesions extending to the liver capsule and disease conditions involving... (Review)
Review
The perihepatic space is frequently involved in a spectrum of diseases, including intrahepatic lesions extending to the liver capsule and disease conditions involving adjacent organs extending to the perihepatic space or spreading thanks to the communication from intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal sites through the hepatic ligaments. Lesions resulting from the dissemination of peritoneal processes may also affect the perihepatic space. Here we discuss how to assess the perihepatic origin of a lesion and describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of normal structures and fluids that may be abnormally located in the perihepatic space. We then review and illustrate the MRI findings present in cases of perihepatic infectious, tumor-related, and miscellaneous conditions. Finally, we highlight the value of MRI over computed tomography.
Topics: Abscess; Endometriosis; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Peritoneal Diseases; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33236541
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0774 -
Medicine Oct 2023Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an upper genital tract infection caused by a variety of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms ascending from the cervix or vagina....
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an upper genital tract infection caused by a variety of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms ascending from the cervix or vagina. Though PID is mainly a sexually transmitted disease; 15% are non-sexually transmitted.[1] In our study, we aim to assess gynecologists' understanding and awareness of PID; as it presents an important health issue affecting the Jordanian community and similar communities with the same cultural and religious backgrounds. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire that received responses from 172 gynecologists in Jordan. The questionnaire aimed at testing gynecologists' knowledge of different aspects of PID starting with diagnosis and ending with management. 68.6% of gynecologists acknowledged that PID is a problem in Jordan. However, obvious confusion was observed in the scopes of clinical presentation, choosing the most reliable PID investigations, and treatment. PID is not being addressed properly in a sexually conservative community that has low rates of sexually transmitted diseases like Jordan, which is misleading and dangerous. In addition, we think there is a lack of certain standards on how to define PID and acknowledge its effect on the community as well as the disappointing level of knowledge about different aspects of PID gynecologists show, starting with its prevalence and ending with treatment policy. Clearer guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of PID should be adopted. These findings should be acknowledged by all doctors from neighboring countries as well as those within similar communities to Jordan.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Jordan; Gynecologists; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 37800796
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035014