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Radiation Protection Dosimetry Feb 2024Projection radiography is the most common radiological modality, and radiation safety of it concerns both radiation workers and the public. We measured and generated a...
Projection radiography is the most common radiological modality, and radiation safety of it concerns both radiation workers and the public. We measured and generated a series of scattered radiation maps for projection radiography and estimated effective doses of the supporting person during exposure. Measured adult patient protocols included chest posterior-anterior, chest lateral, pelvis anterior-posterior (AP), abdomen AP and bedside chest AP. Maps concretise spatial distribution and the scattered radiation dose rates in different imaging protocols. Highest and lowest rates were measured in abdomen AP and bedside chest AP protocols, respectively. The effective dose of supporting person in abdomen AP examination at distance of 0.5 m was 300 nSv and in bedside supine chest AP examination at distance of 0.7 m was 0.5 nSv. The estimated annual effective dose of emergency unit radiographer was 0.11 mSv. The obtained effective dose values are small compared to annual dose limits of radiation workers and the public.
Topics: Adult; Humans; X-Rays; Radiation Dosage; Radiography; Pelvis; Physical Examination; Radiography, Thoracic
PubMed: 37939724
DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad275 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Mar 2015The pelvis performs two major functions for terrestrial mammals. It provides somewhat rigid support for muscles engaged in locomotion and, for females, it serves as the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The pelvis performs two major functions for terrestrial mammals. It provides somewhat rigid support for muscles engaged in locomotion and, for females, it serves as the birth canal. The result for many species, and especially for encephalized primates, is an 'obstetric dilemma' whereby the neonate often has to negotiate a tight squeeze in order to be born. On top of what was probably a baseline of challenging birth, locomotor changes in the evolution of bipedalism in the human lineage resulted in an even more complex birth process. Negotiation of the bipedal pelvis requires a series of rotations, the end of which has the infant emerging from the birth canal facing the opposite direction from the mother. This pattern, strikingly different from what is typically seen in monkeys and apes, places a premium on having assistance at delivery. Recently reported observations of births in monkeys and apes are used to compare the process in human and non-human primates, highlighting similarities and differences. These include presentation (face, occiput anterior or posterior), internal and external rotation, use of the hands by mothers and infants, reliance on assistance, and the developmental state of the neonate.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Female; History, Ancient; Humans; Labor Presentation; Midwifery; Parturition; Pelvis; Pregnancy; Primates; Species Specificity
PubMed: 25602069
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0065 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Apr 2017Asymmetry of the human axial skeleton has received much less attention that of the limb skeleton. Pelvic morphology is subject to multiple selective factors, including...
Asymmetry of the human axial skeleton has received much less attention that of the limb skeleton. Pelvic morphology is subject to multiple selective factors, including bipedal locomotion and obstetrics, among others, as well as environmental factors such as biomechanical loading. How these various factors influence or restrict asymmetry of the pelvis is unknown and few studies have investigated levels and patterns of pelvic asymmetry. This study examines percentage directional (%DA) and absolute (%AA) asymmetry in 14 bilaterally paired dimensions of the pelvic canal, non-canal pelvis, and femur in female (n = 111) and male (n = 126) skeletons from nine geographically dispersed skeletal samples. Directional asymmetries were uniformly low for all measures and lacked any consistent patterning across the variables, while %AA was highest in the pelvic canal, particularly the posterior aspects. Few sex differences and no population differences were found for %DA and %AA; however the latter was correlated with coefficients of variation across the 14 variables in both sexes. While sample mean %DA were low, standard deviations of the canal variables were high and the majority of individuals in both sexes displayed %DA values >±0.5, suggesting asymmetry is common, if not directionally consistent. Biomechanical loading of the pelvic girdle may influence asymmetry of both the canal and non-canal aspects of the pelvis; however it is unlikely that these asymmetries negatively affect obstetric function, given the prevalence for %DA found in this study. Anat Rec, 300:653-665, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Adult; Anthropology, Physical; Female; Femur; Humans; Male; Pelvic Bones; Pelvis; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 28297182
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23546 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022Bi-plane X-ray provides 3D measurements of the lower limb based on the identification of anatomical landmarks in sagittal and frontal X-rays. In clinical practice, such...
Bi-plane X-ray provides 3D measurements of the lower limb based on the identification of anatomical landmarks in sagittal and frontal X-rays. In clinical practice, such measurements involve multiple operators and sessions. This study aimed at evaluating the reliability of anatomical landmarks identification and geometric parameters of the pelvis and femur measured with bi-plane X-rays before and after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Twenty-eight patients undergoing primary THA were selected retrospectively. Two operators performed three reconstructions for each patient before and after THA. Intraclass correlation (ICC) and smallest detectable change (SDC) were computed for intra-operator, inter-operator, and test-retest conditions. Most anatomical landmark positions had good to excellent SDC (< 5 mm) apart from the centre of the sacral slope, greater trochanter, and anterior superior iliac spines (up to 7.1, 16.9, and 21.5 mm respectively). Geometric parameters had moderate to excellent SDC, apart from femoral and stem torsion, pelvic incidence, and APP inclination with poor SDC (9-12°). The sagittal view had significantly higher measurement errors than the frontal view. Test-retest and inter-operator conditions had no significant differences suggesting a low influence of patient posture. Osteoarthritis and the presence of implants did not seem to influence reliability and measurement error. This study could be used as a reference when assessing lower limb structure with bi-plane X-rays.
Topics: Humans; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Pelvis; Lower Extremity
PubMed: 36504199
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25997-3 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2017Soft-tissue sarcomas are a diverse group of rare mesenchymal malignancies that can arise at any location in the body and affect all age groups. These sarcomas are most... (Review)
Review
Soft-tissue sarcomas are a diverse group of rare mesenchymal malignancies that can arise at any location in the body and affect all age groups. These sarcomas are most common in the extremities, trunk wall, retroperitoneum, and head and neck. In the adult population, soft-tissue sarcomas arising in the abdomen and pelvis are often large masses at the time of diagnosis because they are usually clinically silent or cause vague or mild symptoms until they invade or compress vital organs. In contrast, soft-tissue sarcomas arising from the abdominal wall come to clinical attention earlier in the course of disease because they cause a palpable mass, abdominal wall deformity, or pain that is more clinically apparent. The imaging features of abdominal and pelvic sarcomas and abdominal wall sarcomas can be nonspecific and overlap with more common pathologic conditions, making diagnosis difficult or, in some cases, delaying diagnosis. Liposarcoma (well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas), leiomyosarcoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are the most common intra-abdominal primary sarcomas. Any soft-tissue sarcoma can arise in the abdominal wall. Knowledge of the classification and pathologic features of soft-tissue sarcomas, the anatomic locations where they occur, and their cross-sectional imaging features helps the radiologist establish the diagnosis or differential diagnosis so that patients with soft-tissue sarcomas can receive optimal treatment and management. In part 1 of this article, the most common soft-tissue sarcomas (liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and GIST) are reviewed, with a discussion on anatomic locations, classification, clinical considerations, and differential diagnosis. Part 2 will focus on the remainder of the soft-tissue sarcomas occurring in the abdomen and pelvis.
Topics: Abdominal Cavity; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Pelvis; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 28287938
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160157 -
International Journal of Computer... Feb 2018To develop a hybrid augmented marker-based navigation system for acetabular reorientation during peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO).
OBJECTIVE
To develop a hybrid augmented marker-based navigation system for acetabular reorientation during peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO).
METHODS
The system consists of a tracking unit attached to the patient's pelvis, augmented marker attached to the acetabular fragment and a host computer to do all the computations and visualization. The augmented marker is comprised of an external planar Aruco marker facing toward the tracking unit and an internal inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure its orientation. The orientation output from the IMU is sent to the host computer. The tracking unit streams a live video of the augmented marker to the host computer, where the planar marker is detected and its pose is estimated. A Kalman filter-based sensor fusion combines the output from marker tracking and the IMU. We validated the proposed system using a plastic bone study and a cadaver study. Every time, we compared the inclination and anteversion values measured by the proposed system to those from a previously developed optical tracking-based navigation system.
RESULTS
Mean absolute differences for inclination and anteversion were 1.34 ([Formula: see text]) and 1.21 ([Formula: see text])[Formula: see text], respectively, for the cadaver study. Mean absolute differences were 1.63 ([Formula: see text]) and 1.55 ([Formula: see text])[Formula: see text] for inclination and anteversion for the plastic bone study. In both validation studies, very strong correlations were observed.
CONCLUSION
We successfully demonstrated the feasibility of our system to measure the acetabular orientation during PAO.
Topics: Acetabulum; Cadaver; Equipment Design; Hip Joint; Humans; Materials Testing; Models, Anatomic; Osteotomy; Pelvis; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29188423
DOI: 10.1007/s11548-017-1690-6 -
Neurology India Dec 2005
Review
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Screws; Fracture Fixation; Humans; Orthopedic Procedures; Pelvis; Spinal Fusion; Spine
PubMed: 16565541
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.22618 -
Journal of Medicine and Life 2015Pelvic exenteration remains one of the most destructive surgical procedures in gynecologic oncology, performed in patients with locally advanced malignancies who were... (Review)
Review
Pelvic exenteration remains one of the most destructive surgical procedures in gynecologic oncology, performed in patients with locally advanced malignancies who were considered for a long time as unresectable. However, for these patients, an aggressive surgical approach seems to be the only potential curative solution. This is a literature review of the most important studies, which analyzes the benefits and the secondary risks of this demanding procedure.
Topics: Female; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Humans; Pelvic Exenteration; Pelvis
PubMed: 25866569
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2021Current highly automated vehicle concepts include reclined seat layouts that could allow occupants to relax during the drive. The main objective of this study was to...
Current highly automated vehicle concepts include reclined seat layouts that could allow occupants to relax during the drive. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seat pan and pelvis angles on the kinematics and injury risk of a reclined occupant by numerical simulation of a frontal sled test. The occupant, represented by a detailed 50th percentile male human body model, was positioned on a semi-rigid seat. Three seat pan angles (5, 15, and 25 degrees from the horizontal) were used, all with a seatback angle of 40 degrees from the vertical. Three pelvis angles (60, 70, and 80 degrees from the vertical), representing a nominal and two relaxed sitting positions, were used for each seat pan angle. The model was restrained using a pre-inflated airbag and a three-point seatbelt equipped with a pretensioner and a load limiter before being subjected to two frontal crash pulses. Both model kinematic response and predicted injury risk were affected by the seat pan and the pelvis angles in a reclined seatback position. Submarining occurrence and injury risk increased with lower seat pan angle, higher pelvis angle, and acceleration pulse severity. In some cases (in particular for a 15 degrees seat pan), a small variation in seat pan or pelvis angle resulted in large differences in terms of kinematics and predicted injury. This study highlights the potential effects of the seat pan and pelvis angles for reclined occupant protection. These parameters should be assessed experimentally with volunteers to determine which combinations are most likely to be adopted for comfort and with post mortem human surrogates to confirm their significance during impact and to provide data for model validation. The sled and restraint models used in this study are provided under an open-source license to facilitate further comparisons.
Topics: Acceleration; Accidents, Traffic; Air Bags; Biomechanical Phenomena; Computer Simulation; Equipment Design; Humans; Male; Men; Pelvis; Seat Belts; Sitting Position
PubMed: 34543333
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257292 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2023The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anatomy of the inferior hypogastric plexus, correlating it with urological pathologies, imaging exams and surgeries... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anatomy of the inferior hypogastric plexus, correlating it with urological pathologies, imaging exams and surgeries of the female pelvis, especially for treatment of endometriosis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We carried out a review about the anatomy of the inferior hypogastric plexus in the female pelvis. We analyzed papers published in the past 20 years in the databases of Pubmed, Embase and Scielo, and we included only papers in English and excluded case reports, editorials, and opinions of specialists. We also studied two human fixed female corpses and microsurgical dissection material with a stereoscopic magnifying glass with 2.5x magnification.
RESULTS
Classical anatomical studies provide few details of the morphology of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) or the location and nature of the associated nerves. The fusion of pelvic splanchnic nerves, sacral splanchnic nerves, and superior hypogastric plexus together with visceral afferent fibers form the IHP. The surgeon's precise knowledge of the anatomical relationship between the hypogastric nerve and the uterosacral ligament is essential to reduce the risk of complications and postoperative morbidity of patients surgically treated for deep infiltrative endometriosis involving the uterosacral ligament.
CONCLUSION
Accurate knowledge of the innervation of the female pelvis is of fundamental importance for prevention of possible injuries and voiding dysfunctions as well as the evacuation mechanism in the postoperative period. Imaging exams such as nuclear magnetic resonance are interesting tools for more accurate visualization of the distribution of the hypogastric plexus in the female pelvis.
Topics: Humans; Female; Hypogastric Plexus; Endometriosis; Pelvis; Uterus; Cadaver
PubMed: 36515618
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2022.9980