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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Oct 2015Sickle cell disease is a common genetic disorder characterized by sickling of red blood cells under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. In turn, sickling leads to... (Review)
Review
Sickle cell disease is a common genetic disorder characterized by sickling of red blood cells under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. In turn, sickling leads to intravascular hemolysis and vaso-occlusive events with subsequent tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury affecting multiple organs, including the genitourinary system. Our review of the genitourinary manifestations of sickle cell disease focuses on sickle cell nephropathy, priapism, and other genitourinary complications such as papillary necrosis and renal medullary carcinoma.
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Female; Humans; Ischemia; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Medulla; Kidney Neoplasms; Kidney Papillary Necrosis; Male; Penis; Priapism
PubMed: 26469825
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.82a.14029 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 1986Most premalignant penile lesions should be completely locally excised. Giant condyloma frequently cannot be distinguished from fungating carcinoma and usually requires...
Most premalignant penile lesions should be completely locally excised. Giant condyloma frequently cannot be distinguished from fungating carcinoma and usually requires limited penectomy. Cancers other than epidermoid carcinomas are very rare and, except for basal cell carcinoma, have a generally poor prognosis. Prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma, however, depends on the stage of disease as determined by both local invasion and by involvement of inguinal nodes. The three-year survival rates for 55 patients were: stage I, 95 percent; stage II, 67 percent; stage III, 29 percent; and stage IV, zero percent. Most primary lesions were treated by partial penectomy, and no patient developed local recurrence. There is a significant discrepancy between initial clinical and histologic staging, due to the difficulty of determining lymph node metastases. Current methods of radiation therapy indicate that it has a role for management of primary penile cancer, especially in young men with small lesions. The management of inguinal lymph nodes is still debated. Although the reliability of the sentinel node biopsy has not been established, it may be appropriate in patients with noninvasive primary lesions and no detectable inguinal metastases. The need for immediate or prophylactic lymph node dissection in patients with invasive primary tumors is controversial. Successful management depends on careful and frequent follow-up examinations, with early intervention for suspicious adenopathy. In view of the poor prognosis for advanced lymph node metastases, we prefer to use early lymph node dissection when the primary lesion is deeply invasive. Limited bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is associated with minimal morbidity and seems to be an appropriate prelude to groin dissection. Extensive pelvic metastases are a sign of incurability and abrogate the need for groin dissection. We prefer to perform the inguinal dissection at the time of lymph node dissection through a separate curve groin incision.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Penile Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 3093013
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.36.5.258 -
Indian Journal of Cancer 2023Carcinoma penis is more common in India compared to the West. The role of chemotherapy in carcinoma penis is ambiguous. We analyzed the profile and outcomes of patients...
BACKGROUND
Carcinoma penis is more common in India compared to the West. The role of chemotherapy in carcinoma penis is ambiguous. We analyzed the profile and outcomes of patients with carcinoma penis treated with chemotherapy.
METHODS
We analyzed the details of all patients with carcinoma penis treated at our institute between 2012 and 2015. We collected particulars regarding demography, clinical presentation, treatment details, toxicities, and outcomes of these patients. Event-free and overall (OS) survival were calculated from the time of diagnosis until documentation of disease relapse/progression or death for the patients with advanced carcinoma penis who were eligible for chemotherapy.
RESULTS
There were 171 patients with carcinoma penis treated at our institute during the study period including 54 (31.6%) patients with stage I, 49 (28.7%) patients with stage II, 24 (14.0%) patients with stage III, 25 (14.6%) patients with stage IV, and 19 (11.1%) patients with recurrent disease at presentation. The present study included 68 patients with advanced carcinoma penis (stages III and IV) who were eligible for chemotherapy, with a median age of 55 years (range: 27-79 years). Sixteen patients received paclitaxel and carboplatin (PC) and 26 patients cisplatin and 5-FluoroUracil (CF). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was given to four patients with stage III and nine patients with stage IV disease. Of the 13 patients given NACT, we observed a partial response in five (38.5%), stable disease in two (15.4%), and progressive disease in five (38.5%) evaluable patients. Six (46%) patients underwent surgery after NACT. Only 28/54 (52%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 17.2 months, the 2-year OS rates were 95.8, 89, 62.7, 51.9, and 28.6% for stages I, II, III, IV, and recurrent disease, respectively. The 2-year OS of patients who were given chemotherapy versus those who were not given chemotherapy were 52.7 and 63.2%, respectively (P = 0.762).
CONCLUSIONS
We report the real-world outcomes of two chemotherapeutic regimens used in consecutive patients with advanced carcinoma penis. Both PC and CF seemed effective and safe. However, approximately half of patients with advanced carcinoma penis do not receive the planned/indicated chemotherapy. We need further prospective trials regarding the sequencing, protocols and indications of chemotherapy in this malignancy.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cisplatin; Carboplatin; Carcinoma; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Paclitaxel; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Penis
PubMed: 36861700
DOI: 10.4103/ijc.IJC_266_20 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2020Buschke-Lowenstein (BLT) tumor or giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA) is a rare viral disease belonging to the group of verrucous carcinomas; the virus responsible is human...
Buschke-Lowenstein (BLT) tumor or giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA) is a rare viral disease belonging to the group of verrucous carcinomas; the virus responsible is human papilloma virus (HPV) type 6 and 11 which is transmitted in humans by sexual contact. It is characterized by its extension within the surface layer and at depth, by its degenerative potential and by its recurrent nature after treatment. Therapy is based on surgery. We report the case of a 53-year old patient with a history of recurrent urethritis and a multiplicity of partners without homosexual encounters, presenting with a lesion at the level of the penis. The symptoms started three years before and were caused by a nonpainful budding tumor growing gradually at the level of the root of the penis resulting in tingling and bleeding. Clinical examination showed a dyschromic, infiltrating, cauliflower-like, papillomatous tumor measuring 13cm along its longer axis on the dorsal surface of the penis, with patchy ulcers and extending to the suprapubic region. The remainder of the clinical examination was normal and the assessment of sexually transmitted infection (STI) was negative. Treatment was based on complete surgical resection of the tumor. Soft tissue was covered by the surrounding skin. The anatomopathological study showed a giant genital wart without signs of malignancy. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient didn't develop tumor recurrence during a 5-year follow-up period.
PubMed: 33062121
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.19.21024 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2015The aim of our study was to report the status of penile cancer sites in the urology department at the University Hospital of Rabat and evaluate long-term results of... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
The aim of our study was to report the status of penile cancer sites in the urology department at the University Hospital of Rabat and evaluate long-term results of surgical treatment of this cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Between 1989 and 2015, 10 patients were treated for penile cancer. 10 cases were retrospectively reviewed and the following data were recorded: mode of revelation, seat, staging, TNM stage, treatment, evolution and survival. The mean age of patients was 58,1 years (48-81 years). All patients had squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Six patients had a partial amputation of the penis, and three patients underwent total amputation. The median size of the lesion was 4.25 cm (1.5-8 cm). All tumors had a distal seat (gland- Furrow balanopreputial), 8 were localized and non-invasive (PT1 - PT2) and 2 had infiltrated the urethra (PT3). Four patients had lymph node localization. A single bilateral lymphadenectomy was performed and was positive only on one side, with a node <3 cm and no extracapsular extension. Two patients were referred for chemotherapy, a neoadjuvant referred to basic (Bleomycin - Methotrexate, Cisplatin) the other in a palliative goal. Median follow-up was 42 months (6 -72mois). Four patients died, one of which was presented immediately with metastatic mode. Six patients were alive at last node or local recurrence negative. Cancer of the penis seems rare in Morocco. His oncologic and functional outcomes (sexual and urinary) depend on the precocity of the treatment. The surgery of lymph node resection with lymphadenectomy remains the reference treatment.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Follow-Up Studies; Hospitals, University; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Male; Middle Aged; Morocco; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Penile Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 26664554
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.22.53.6563 -
The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal... Jun 2022Penile cancer is a rare malignancy, with a reported incidence of 1.5/100,000 males in the Republic of Ireland in 2015. The aim of this study was to perform the first... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Penile cancer is a rare malignancy, with a reported incidence of 1.5/100,000 males in the Republic of Ireland in 2015. The aim of this study was to perform the first national review and to evaluate clinicopathological factors affecting survival.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
All cases of penile cancer in Ireland between 1995 and 2010 were identified through the National Cancer Registry Ireland (NCRI) and analysed to identify factors affecting survival.
RESULTS
360 cases of penile cancer were identified, with a mean age at diagnosis of 65.5 years and 88% (n = 315) of cases occurred in those over 50. 91% (n = 328) of cases were squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The majority of patients were treated surgically (n = 289), with 57% (n = 206) and 24% (n = 87) undergoing partial penectomy and total penectomy respectively. Only 18% (n = 65) received radiotherapy, and 8% (n = 27) received chemotherapy. Mean overall survival (OS) was 113 months, and five year disease specific survival (DSS) was 70% (95%CI: 59.1-77.8%). Age at diagnosis, nodal status and presence of metastatic disease were independent prognostic markers on multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSION
This study represents the first national review of penile cancer in Ireland. The annual incidence and survival rates are comparable to European figures, though superior DSS has previously been reported from our institution, highlighting the role for centralisation of care in Ireland.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
2b.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Ireland; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Penis; Survival Rate
PubMed: 34034967
DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2021.04.004 -
BMC Urology Jan 2021Verrucous carcinoma, a rare low-grade well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, is known for its favorable biological behavior and lack of metastatic potential....
BACKGROUND
Verrucous carcinoma, a rare low-grade well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, is known for its favorable biological behavior and lack of metastatic potential. However, aggressive resection is problematic in terms of compromised function and aesthetics. Hence, more conservative treatments are needed.
METHODS
To identify the up-to-date general biological behavior, diagnosis, and treatment trends, we searched PubMed using the keyword "penile verrucous carcinoma" without restrictions on publication date.
RESULTS
Current treatments for penile verrucous carcinoma include wide surgical excision, seldom preventive lymphadenectomy, and conservative chemotherapy without surgery or local excision with safe margins. Despite the advent of partial penectomy to minimally impact function and aesthetics, affected patients experience psychosexual problems. Local excision can be used to save the penile shaft and glans penis without preventive lymphadenectomy or adjuvant therapy and can achieve good clinical prognosis with rare recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS
To preserve the functional and cosmetic aspects, we recommend local excision, especially for tumors measuring < 3 cm and classified as stage T1 according to the 2016 tumor node metastasis clinical and pathological classification for penile cancer.
Topics: Carcinoma, Verrucous; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 33514369
DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00777-1 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2023Data shows that bladder cancer (BC) takes the seventh place as the most commonly diagnosed when it comes to the male population. Whereas when both genders considered, it...
INTRODUCTION
Data shows that bladder cancer (BC) takes the seventh place as the most commonly diagnosed when it comes to the male population. Whereas when both genders considered, it moves down the tenth place. Although 75% of patients with BC present with the disease confined to the mucosa or submucosa, rarely secondary metastasis to the penis occurs.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 73-year-old male was referred for gross hematuria in May 2018. A cystoscopy was performed detecting a bladder tumor. The resection of the tumor revealed an invasive high-grade (HG) papillary transitional carcinoma of the bladder with nest variants and lamina propria invasion. The histological examination of the second-look resection disclosed the same tumor characteristics. The patient was scheduled for bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations. Meanwhile, he was diagnosed and treated for a primitive lung acinar adenocarcinoma. Seven months after the first diagnosis, the patient progressed to cT4 at the level of the bladder. He underwent four cycles of Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and Cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy followed by a cystoprostatectomy. The histological result was fibrosis and ypT0pN0 classification. Due to pain and solid mass in the penis, a total penectomy was performed and the histological result showed a transitional carcinoma suggesting a metastasis of the urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Three months following the penectomy, a positron emission tomography∕computed tomography (PET∕CT) scan results showed multiple metastases and positive lymph nodes. Hence, Pembrolizumab treatment was started, providing very good clinical and radiological evolution. At the time of publishing, the patient is alive, and the radiological exams show stability of the disease.
CONCLUSIONS
The detailed descriptions of all histological variants of carcinoma of the bladder in the specimen has great importance and significant impact on the management of the disease.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Aged; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Urinary Bladder; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Doxorubicin; Penis
PubMed: 37128796
DOI: 10.47162/RJME.64.1.11 -
Human Genomics Dec 2023The effect of SPP1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (PSCC) remained unknown. We attempted to clarify the function of the SPP1 gene in PSCC.
BACKGROUND
The effect of SPP1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (PSCC) remained unknown. We attempted to clarify the function of the SPP1 gene in PSCC.
METHOD
Eight paired penile cancer specimens (including penile cancer tissue, paracancerous tissue, and positive lymph node tissue) subjected to whole transcriptome sequencing were analysed to identify differentially expressed genes. We used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of SPP1 protein and immune cell related proteins in penile cancer tissue. Then, we performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the genes related to SPP1 in penile cancer tissue and positive lymph node tissue. Based on the GSE57955 dataset, the CIBERSORT and ssGSEA algorithms were carried out to investigate the immune environment of PSCC. GSVA analysis was conducted to identify the signaling pathways related to SPP1 subgroups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was adopted to detect SPP1 level in the serum of 60 patients with penile cancer.
RESULTS
Differential analysis indicated that SPP1 was the most differentially upregulated gene in both penile cancer tissues and positive lymph node tissues. Survival analysis suggested that the prognosis of the low-SPP1 group was significantly poorer than that of the high-SPP1 group. Subsequently, immune-related bioinformatics showed that SPP1 was significantly associated with B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, macrophages, helper T cells, neutrophils and dendritic cells. The immunohistochemical results showed that the high-SPP1 group was characterized by relatively high expression of CD16 and relatively low expression of CD4. GSVA analysis indicated that high-SPP1 group was significantly associated with immune-related pathways such as PD-L1 expression and the PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer and the TNF signaling pathway. ELISA demonstrated that the serum level of SPP1 in patients with positive lymph node metastasis of penile cancer was significantly higher than that in patients with negative lymph node metastasis of penile cancer.
CONCLUSION
Our study shows that the SPP1 gene might be an effective biomarker for predicting the prognosis and the efficacy of immunotherapy in PSCC patients.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Penile Neoplasms; Immunotherapy; Osteopontin; Biomarkers, Tumor; Gene Expression Profiling; Survival Analysis; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 38111044
DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00558-5