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Frontiers in Oncology 2024Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. While the penis can be affected by sarcomas, basal cell carcinomas or... (Review)
Review
Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. While the penis can be affected by sarcomas, basal cell carcinomas or even melanoma, Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC) represents approximately 95% of all penile neoplasms. Despite its rarity and most common presentation at later decades of life most individuals diagnosed with PSCC are faced with significant decrease in quality of life. The prevalence and incidence vary among different regions and populations, but a common trend is for diagnosis to occur late (stage 4). Underdeveloped countries are traditionally reported to have higher incidence rates; however, rates may vary significantly between urban and rural areas even in developed countries. Age adjusted rates are on the rise in some countries that used to have incidence rates of 1:100 000 or less. The list of associated risk factors is long and includes among others, lack of neonatal circumcision, poor genital hygiene, socioeconomic status, history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). Many risk factors are widely debated among experts however HPV and PeIN are indisputable risk factors, and both also form part of the classification system for PSCC. Both conditions may have occurred in the past or be present at the time of diagnosis and identifying them plays a major role in management strategies. For such a rare condition PSCC can present in many different forms clinically making diagnosis no easy feat. Diagnosis of PSCC is done through clinical examination, including lymph node palpation, followed by a biopsy, which is essential for the classification. Lymph node involvement is a common finding at first presentation and investigation of spread to deep nodes is important and can be done with the aid of PET-CT. Treatment options for PSCC include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgical removal of the tumor is considered the most effective however can lead to severe decrease of quality of life. Chemotherapy is used in the case of fixed or bulky lymph nodes, where surgery is not indicated, and for distant metastasis. Radiation therapy is particularly effective in the case of HPV-positive PSCC.
PubMed: 38841163
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1375882 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Jan 2016In Indian sub-continent the presentation of carcinoma penis is variable. Mostly presents with palpable inguinal lymph nodes but not confirm of metastases.
INTRODUCTION
In Indian sub-continent the presentation of carcinoma penis is variable. Mostly presents with palpable inguinal lymph nodes but not confirm of metastases.
AIM
To evaluate whether all clinically positive nodes are metastatic and decide when to address inguinal lymph node.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective observational study on carcinoma penis from a regional cancer centre of south India over a period from 2001 to 2012. All the clinical, investigational, operative, pathology details and follow-up data were collected from patient records.
RESULTS
Two hundred and thirty cases of carcinoma penis have been identified and 112 cases had clinically positive nodes. In 74 cases fine needle cytology was positive for malignancy and they have been addressed with block dissection with surgery of primary lesion. At two years follow up, 70 patients were identified with inguinal lymph node metastasis and block dissection was performed and all was were positive for malignancy on histology. The rate of recurrence is related to the T stage of the primary tumour.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that elective surgery is appropriate for palpable inguinal lymph nodes and prophylactic nodal dissection in high risk cases of carcinoma penis.
PubMed: 26894163
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/15064.7040 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... Jan 2023Electron beams represent an important treatment modality for providing an accurate dose of therapy to superficial cancers. This case reports important findings of dermal...
Electron beams represent an important treatment modality for providing an accurate dose of therapy to superficial cancers. This case reports important findings of dermal invasion in patients with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) using microscopic measurements and electron beam coverage. EMPD is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma generally arising in the anogenital region. Surgery is still a curable treatment option for patients with EMPD, whereas radiation therapy (RT) is an alternative for inoperable cases and is necessary in cases where surgery is not performed. This case report describes our experience and reviews the relevant literature on the feasibility of electron RT according to the dermal invasion length. An 80-year-old patient was diagnosed with EMPD and presented for definite radiation treatment. We observed no grade 3 toxicities during electron RT, and at the last follow-up visit, no signs of relapse were observed. There are no reports of electron irradiation as a feasible treatment option for EMPD considering the epidermal invasion length.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged, 80 and over; Paget Disease, Extramammary; Scrotum; Electrons; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Penis
PubMed: 38384101
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_506_21 -
Singapore Medical Journal Nov 2015Penile cancer is an uncommon disease affecting only about one in 100,000 men worldwide in a year. The diagnosis of the condition is frequently delayed, and the disease... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Penile cancer is an uncommon disease affecting only about one in 100,000 men worldwide in a year. The diagnosis of the condition is frequently delayed, and the disease and its treatment frequently result in significant morbidity in patients.
METHODS
We herein describe seven cases of penile tumours: six cases of squamous cell carcinomas and one case of B-cell lymphoma that presented to our hospital's urology department between March 2011 and October 2012. We reviewed the literature to discuss the clinical presentation, natural history and current management of penile cancer.
RESULTS
The patients were followed up for 1-24 months. They were managed according to their disease stage and lymph node status. Four out of seven patients showed disease progression during the follow-up period.
CONCLUSION
The accurate staging of inguinal nodes in cases of low-risk disease is important to prescribe appropriate surgery for the inguinal nodes. Aggressive management of inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes remains the cornerstone in the treatment of high-risk disease cases.
Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Lymph Node Excision; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Penile Neoplasms; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male
PubMed: 26668410
DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2015174 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2023Urothelial carcinomas (UC) account for 6 and 2% of all cancers in men and women, respectively. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the causative agents in cancers of...
BACKGROUND
Urothelial carcinomas (UC) account for 6 and 2% of all cancers in men and women, respectively. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the causative agents in cancers of the uterine cervix and head and neck. The role of HPV is also being studied in cancers of the urinary bladder, penis, and prostate. As p16-INK4a is a surrogate marker for high-risk HPVE7 oncoprotein, this study aims to highlight the utility of p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the evaluation of HPV-associated UC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective study was conducted on UC of the bladder received in the Pathology department between January 2013 and December 2018. Bladder biopsies from non-neoplastic lesions served as controls. IHC was done for the detection of the p16 antigen. The p16 staining was recorded as positive, when there was strong staining in >50% of tumor nuclei. The p16 positive and negative tumors were compared based on age, gender, tumor size, grade, and muscle invasion. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The expression of p16 was analyzed in 72 UC and compared with 20 non-neoplastic cases, of which 26.4% of the cases showed p16 expression. The p16 expression was absent in the non-neoplastic lesions. While the majority (87.5%) of the low-grade tumors were negative for p16 expression, 43.8% high-grade tumors were positive. Similarly, a larger proportion of invasive carcinomas (38.8%) expressed p16 as compared to non-invasive carcinomas (13.8%). Thus, p16 expression showed a significant association with grade and stage in these malignancies (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The p16 expression was associated with high-grade and muscle-invasive UC. The p16 was absent in all non-neoplastic and precursor lesions. Thus, it can provide essential information not only about HPV association but also on the prognostic implications for the patients.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Papillomavirus Infections; Tertiary Care Centers; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; Biomarkers, Tumor; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 37787303
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1243_21 -
Dermatology Online Journal Jul 2013Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is fairly uncommon, but an important clinical entity with significant patient morbidity. Early diagnosis is important to allow for...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is fairly uncommon, but an important clinical entity with significant patient morbidity. Early diagnosis is important to allow for conservative management and to avoid aggressive surgical resection. We present a case of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the glans penis, which was treated with topical antifungals and corticosteroids for 2 years prior to diagnosis, necessitating partial glansectomy.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Balanitis; Betamethasone; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Ciprofloxacin; Clioquinol; Clotrimazole; Delayed Diagnosis; Drug Combinations; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Recurrence; Self Medication
PubMed: 24010516
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Visceral Surgery Feb 2014Penile metastases are very rare and arise most frequently from genitourinary cancers. Penile metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma are less common and only 50 or so...
INTRODUCTION
Penile metastases are very rare and arise most frequently from genitourinary cancers. Penile metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma are less common and only 50 or so cases have been reported.
CASE PRESENTATION
We present a 43-year-old man with penile metastases from a rectal adenocarcinoma. Two years before admittance to our department, abdomino-perineal resection of the rectum (Miles operation) was performed for a Dukes B (T3N0M0) rectal adenocarcinoma; the surgical resection margins wee negative. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment were administered. One year after initial management, excision of a local recurrence was performed followed by further chemotherapy. The patient subsequently noticed lesions of the penis measuring up to 1.2 cm in diameter. Biopsy revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography showed normal structure of penis with subcutaneous nodular thickening. Soon thereafter, the entire shaft of the penis becomes indurated and the patient developed urinary obstruction. A suprapubic cystostomy was performed. The patient died within 6 months.
DISCUSSION
Penile metastases arise most frequently from genitourinary cancers, primarily from the bladder and the prostate gland. Metastasis to the penis from a rectal adenocarcinoma occurs much less commonly. Other reported primary origins of penile metastases include malignancies of the lung, nasopharynx and melanoma. The major symptoms are penile nodular mass, malignant priapism, penile pain and tenderness, difficulty in micturition, and urinary retention. Possible routes of metastasis are arterial, retrograde venous spread, retrograde lymphatic spread, but direct tumor infiltration/extension is also possible. Penile metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma usually occur within 2 years after diagnosis of the primary tumor. The prognosis is very poor regardless of treatment modality. Treatment is more often palliative than curative. Survival usually varies from 7 months to 2 years. Long-term survival (9 years) has been seen after aggressive surgical treatment (penile amputation) with best results for patients when penile metastasis was the only evident region of recurrence.
CONCLUSION
The prognosis of metastasis to the penis is very poor; the best results have been achieved with surgery but only for lesions where metastasis is limited to the penis.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 24055405
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2013.08.009 -
Viruses Jul 2021There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is etiologically associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)...
There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is etiologically associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and precursor lesions in equids. However, the precise mechanisms underlying neoplastic progression remain unknown. To allow the study of EcPV2-induced carcinogenesis, we aimed to establish a primary equine cell culture model of EcPV2 infection. Three-dimensional (3D) raft cultures were generated from equine penile perilesional skin, plaques and SCCs. Using histological, molecular biological and immunohistochemical methods, rafts versus corresponding natural tissue sections were compared with regard to morphology, presence of EcPV2 DNA, presence and location of EcPV2 gene transcripts and expression of epithelial, mesenchymal and tumor/proliferation markers. Raft cultures from perilesional skin harboring only a few EcPV2-positive (EcPV2+) cells accurately recapitulated the differentiation process of normal skin, whilst rafts from EcPV2+ penile plaques were structurally organized but showed early hyperplasia. Rafts from EcPV2+ SCCs exhibited pronounced hyperplasia and marked dysplasia. Raft levels of EcPV2 oncogene transcription (E6/E7) and expression of tumor/proliferation markers p53, Ki67 and MCM7 expression positively correlated with neoplastic progression, again reflecting the natural situation. Three-dimensional raft cultures accurately reflected major features of corresponding ex vivo material, thus constituting a valuable new research model to study EcPV2-induced carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Culture Techniques; DNA, Viral; Horse Diseases; Horses; Hyperplasia; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Penis
PubMed: 34372610
DOI: 10.3390/v13071404 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2016
Topics: Adult; Carcinoma, Verrucous; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 27795785
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.188.9788 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Jul 1990We report a case of angiosarcoma of the glans penis in a 77 year old male Caucasian. The tumour developed 18 years after a course of radiotherapy for a penile ulcer...
We report a case of angiosarcoma of the glans penis in a 77 year old male Caucasian. The tumour developed 18 years after a course of radiotherapy for a penile ulcer which was an intra-epidermal squamous carcinoma. The differential diagnosis and the concept of radiotherapy-induced angiosarcomas are discussed.
Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Hemangiosarcoma; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 2217021
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.66.777.576