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Journal of Clinical Research in... Mar 2024Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are at a greater risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood....
OBJECTIVE
Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are at a greater risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Gastrointestinal peptides, some secreted by intestinal L cells, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and act on the hypothalamus to regulate energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to explore whether gastrointestinal peptides are involved in metabolic disorders in SGA, which remains unclear.
METHODS
The secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) were investigated in prepubertal children born SGA, the differences between catch-up growth and persistent short stature were compared, and correlation with glucose and lipid metabolism was analyzed. GLP-1, PYY, insulin-like growth factor 1, glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations were analyzed in prepubertal children aged 4-10 years, stratified into three groups: short-SGA (SGA-s), catch-up growth SGA, and normal growth appropriate for gestational age (AGA).
RESULTS
Fasting GLP-1 and PYY concentrations were significantly lower in the SGA group than in the AGA group (p<0.05), and the GLP-1 level in infants born SGA with catch-up growth was lower than that in the SGA-s group (p<0.05). In the SGA population, GLP-1 showed a weak negative correlation with catch-up growth (r=-0.326) and positive correlation with fasting insulin (r=0.331).
CONCLUSION
Lower GLP-1 concentrations may be associated with abnormal glucose metabolism in prepubertal children born SGA with catch-up growth. This is indirect evidence that impaired intestinal L cell function may be involved in the development of metabolic complications in SGA children.
Topics: Child; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Peptide YY; Gestational Age; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Insulin Resistance; Insulin; Glucose; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
PubMed: 37847108
DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-5-21 -
Nutrients Feb 2021Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are involved in metabolic regulation. The purpose of the study was to assess the serum levels of NPY and PYY in adolescents...
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are involved in metabolic regulation. The purpose of the study was to assess the serum levels of NPY and PYY in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) or obesity (OB), as well as in a healthy control group (CG). The effects of potential confounders on their concentrations were also analysed. Eighty-nine adolescents were included in this study (AN = 30, OB = 30, and CG = 29). Anthropometric measurements and psychometric assessment of depressive symptoms, eating behaviours, body attitudes, and fasting serum levels of NPY and PYY were analysed. The AN group presented severe depressive symptoms, while the OB group held different attitudes towards the body. The levels of NPY were lower in the AN and OB groups as compared with the CG. The PYY levels were higher in the OB group than in the AN group and the CG. The severity of eating disorder symptoms predicted fasting serum concentrations of NPY. Lower levels of NPY in AN, as well as in OB suggests the need to look for a common link in the mechanism of this effect. Higher level of PYY in OB may be important in explaining complex etiopathogenesis of the disease. The psychopathological symptoms may have an influence on the neurohormones regulating metabolism.
Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Child; Depression; Fasting; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Insulin; Male; Neuropeptide Y; Obesity; Peptide YY
PubMed: 33670342
DOI: 10.3390/nu13020598 -
Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine =... Mar 2019The current study aimed to assess profiles of peptide YY and ghrelin, visual analog scales (VAS) for hunger and satiety, and ad libitum intake in obese and non-obese...
INTRODUCTION
The current study aimed to assess profiles of peptide YY and ghrelin, visual analog scales (VAS) for hunger and satiety, and ad libitum intake in obese and non-obese women.
METHODS
This open-label non-randomized interventional study involved obese (BMI ≥ 25-35 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI 18.5-23.0 kg/m2) women subjects. Levels of peptide YY and ghrelin were determined by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively, while the degrees of hunger and satiety were measured using visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires. The results were compared in fasting condition and in 15, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after breakfast with balance composition formulation. This study also compared the ad libitum intake within 4 hours after breakfast.
RESULTS
As compared to the non-obese group, the obese group have significantly lower levels of peptide YY in fasting, and in 15, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post-prandial, and smaller AUC (Area Under the Curve) of fasting peptide YY. Furthermore, the obese group showed significantly higher ad libitum intake. The obese group also have lower levels of ghrelin and lower VAS for hunger and higher in VAS for satiety as compared to the non-obese group.
CONCLUSIONS
There were significant differences in peptide YY level, 4 hours after breakfast ad libitum intake, ghrelin level, and VAS for hunger and satiety, between obese group and non-obese one.
Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Hunger; Indonesia; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Peptide YY; Satiation; Visual Analog Scale
PubMed: 30375352
DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2018-0027 -
Neuropeptides Feb 2020Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder of unknown aetiology for which there is no effective treatment. Although IBS does not increase... (Review)
Review
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder of unknown aetiology for which there is no effective treatment. Although IBS does not increase mortality, it reduces the quality of life and is an economic burden to both the patients themselves and society as a whole. Peptide YY (PYY) is localized in endocrine cells located in the ileum, colon and rectum. The concentration of PYY and the density of PYY cells are decreased in both the colon and rectum but unchanged in the ileum of patients with IBS. The low density of PYY cells in the large intestine may be caused by a decreased number of stem cells and their progeny toward endocrine cells. PYY regulates the intestinal motility, secretion and absorption as well as visceral sensitivity via modulating serotonin release. An abnormality in PYY may therefore contribute to the intestinal dysmotility and visceral hypersensitivity seen in IBS patients. Diet management involving consuming a low-FODMAP diet restores the density of PYY cells in the large intestine and improves abdominal symptoms in patients with IBS. This review shows that diet management appears to be a valuable tool for correcting the PYY abnormalities in the large intestine of IBS patients in the clinic.
Topics: Colon; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Peptide YY; Quality of Life; Serotonin
PubMed: 31727345
DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101973 -
Cancer Prevention Research... Feb 2023Obesity and metabolic dysfunction are implicated in colorectal cancer development. Appetite-regulating gut hormones might have a role in colorectal cancer risk. We...
UNLABELLED
Obesity and metabolic dysfunction are implicated in colorectal cancer development. Appetite-regulating gut hormones might have a role in colorectal cancer risk. We investigated whether circulating levels of the gut hormones ghrelin (analyzed as acyl ghrelin) and Peptide YY (PYY) were associated with subsequent colorectal cancer risk, including clinical and molecular tumor subtypes. We also provide descriptive data on these hormones in relation to background participant characteristics and metabolic biomarkers. This population-based study included 1,010 matched case-control pairs with a median of 12.3 years of follow-up. Acyl ghrelin and PYY were measured by multiplex immunoassay. Data on KRAS and BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability (MSI) status were available for 704 and 708 cases, respectively. Conditional logistic regression models estimated association to colorectal cancer risk. Partial correlation and linear regression were used to investigate relationships between background and metabolic variables and variation in plasma gut hormone concentrations. Acyl ghrelin was not clearly associated with colorectal cancer risk (multivariable OR per 1 SD increase: 1.11; 95% CI, 1.00-1.23). Positive associations were observed for specific subtypes, in particular BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer and right-sided colon cancer, although with nonsignificant heterogeneity. PYY was not related to colorectal cancer risk (multivariable OR per 1 SD: 1.04; 95% CI, 0.95-1.14) or any tumor subtype. In the control participants, ghrelin was inversely correlated with BMI, and PYY was positively correlated with C-peptide and insulin levels. These findings provide limited support for a possible role for ghrelin in colorectal cancer development, primarily in specific anatomical and molecular tumor subtypes.
PREVENTION RELEVANCE
The findings of this study do not support a major role for the metabolic gut hormones ghrelin and PYY in colorectal cancer development but suggest the possibility of an involvement for ghrelin in specific tumor subtypes. Elucidating subtype-specific risk factors and mechanisms of carcinogenesis may have implications for precision prevention.
Topics: Humans; Peptide YY; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Obesity; Colorectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 36367526
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-22-0325 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Dec 2009Our knowledge of the complex mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis has expanded enormously in recent years. Food intake and body weight are tightly regulated by the... (Review)
Review
Our knowledge of the complex mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis has expanded enormously in recent years. Food intake and body weight are tightly regulated by the hypothalamus, brainstem and reward circuits, on the basis both of cognitive inputs and of diverse humoral and neuronal signals of nutritional status. Several gut hormones, including cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, oxyntomodulin, amylin, pancreatic polypeptide and ghrelin, have been shown to play an important role in regulating short-term food intake. These hormones therefore represent potential targets in the development of novel anti-obesity drugs. This review focuses on the role of gut hormones in short- and long-term regulation of food intake, and on the current state of development of gut hormone-based obesity therapies.
Topics: Amyloid; Anti-Obesity Agents; Appetite Depressants; Appetite Regulation; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Agents; Ghrelin; Humans; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Obesity; Oxyntomodulin; Pancreatic Polypeptide; Peptide YY
PubMed: 20002077
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03522.x -
The American Journal of Clinical... Feb 2010Epidemiologic studies suggest that childbearing is an important contributor to the development of obesity in many women and that breastfeeding may be protective. Ghrelin...
BACKGROUND
Epidemiologic studies suggest that childbearing is an important contributor to the development of obesity in many women and that breastfeeding may be protective. Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) are gut hormones involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis and are biological neuroendocrine signals that potentially affect body weight and adiposity.
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated whether fasting or postprandial ghrelin or PYY is different between lactating and nonlactating postpartum women matched for age, body weight, and adiposity.
DESIGN
Ten postpartum lactating women (mean + or - SD: 28.1 + or - 4.9 y of age, 69.2 + or - 11.3 kg, 35.4 + or - 6.6% body fat) and 8 nonlactating women (28.8 + or - 7.6 y of age, 75.6 + or - 13.7 kg, 37.5 + or - 6.5% body fat) at 4-5 wk postpartum underwent measurements of body weight, body composition, and ghrelin and PYY responses to a standardized meal (350 kcal). Seven never-pregnant women served as control subjects (29.7 + or - 4.1 y of age, 60.4 + or - 4.8 kg, 25.5 + or - 2.0% body fat).
RESULTS
Ghrelin concentrations decreased, whereas PYY concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) in response to the meal, but fasting or meal-induced changes were not significantly different between lactating and nonlactating women. The fasting ghrelin concentration correlated with body mass index (r = -0.53, P < 0.05) and was significantly lower in postpartum than in control women (894.9 + or - 247.7 compared with 1316.9 + or - 241.0 pg/mL), even after adjustment for body mass index.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data do not support the notion that ghrelin, PYY, or both are plausible neuroendocrine signals that influence body weight regulation during lactation. They suggest, however, that ghrelin may change with increased adiposity in the postpartum state and may potentially play a role in body weight regulation after child birth.
Topics: Adult; Basal Metabolism; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calorimetry, Indirect; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Lactation; Longitudinal Studies; Peptide YY; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 20007306
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28616 -
The Journal of Nutrition May 2022Glucose induces the release of gastrointestinal (GI) satiation hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), in part via the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The Role of D-allulose and Erythritol on the Activity of the Gut Sweet Taste Receptor and Gastrointestinal Satiation Hormone Release in Humans: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
BACKGROUND
Glucose induces the release of gastrointestinal (GI) satiation hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), in part via the activation of the gut sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3).
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective was to investigate the importance of T1R2/T1R3 for the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), GLP-1, and PYY in response to D-allulose and erythritol by assessing the effect of the T1R2/T1R3 antagonist lactisole on these responses and as secondary objectives to study the effect of the T1R2/T1R3 blockade on gastric emptying, appetite-related sensations, and GI symptoms.
METHODS
In this randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 18 participants (5 men) with a mean ± SD BMI (in kg/m2) of 21.9 ± 1.7 and aged 24 ± 4 y received an intragastric administration of 25 g D-allulose, 50 g erythritol, or tap water, with or without 450 parts per million (ppm) lactisole, respectively, in 6 different sessions. 13C-sodium acetate was added to all solutions to determine gastric emptying. At fixed time intervals, blood and breath samples were collected, and appetite-related sensations and GI symptoms were assessed. Data were analyzed with linear mixed-model analysis.
RESULTS
D-allulose and erythritol induced a significant release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY compared with tap water (all PHolm < 0.0001, dz >1). Lactisole did not affect the D-allulose- and erythritol-induced release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY (all PHolm > 0.1). Erythritol significantly delayed gastric emptying, increased fullness, and decreased prospective food consumption compared with tap water (PHolm = 0.0002, dz = -1.05; PHolm = 0.0190, dz = 0.69; and PHolm = 0.0442, dz = -0.62, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
D-allulose and erythritol stimulate the secretion of GI satiation hormones in humans. Lactisole had no effect on CCK, GLP-1, and PYY release, indicating that D-allulose- and erythritol-induced GI satiation hormone release is not mediated via T1R2/T1R3 in the gut.
Topics: Cholecystokinin; Cross-Over Studies; Erythritol; Female; Fructose; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Male; Peptide YY; Satiation; Taste; Tyrosine; Water
PubMed: 35135006
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac026 -
Clinical Endocrinology Sep 2023Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) exists as two species, PYY and PYY , with distinct effects on insulin secretion and appetite regulation. The detailed effects of...
OBJECTIVES
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) exists as two species, PYY and PYY , with distinct effects on insulin secretion and appetite regulation. The detailed effects of bariatric surgery on PYY and PYY secretion are not known as previous studies have used nonspecific immunoassays to measure total PYY. Our objective was to characterize the effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on fasting and postprandial PYY and PYY secretion using a newly developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay.
DESIGN AND SUBJECTS
Observational study in 10 healthy nonobese volunteers and 30 participants with obesity who underwent RYGB (n = 24) or SG (n = 6) at the Imperial Weight Centre [NCT01945840]. Participants were studied using a standardized mixed meal test (MMT) before and 1 year after surgery. The outcome measures were PYY and PYY concentrations.
RESULTS
Presurgery, the fasting and postprandial levels of PYY and PYY were low, with minimal responses to the MMT, and these did not differ from healthy nonobese volunteers. The postprandial secretion of both PYY and PYY at 1 year was amplified after RYGB, but not SG, with the response being significantly higher in RYGB compared with SG.
CONCLUSIONS
There appears to be no difference in PYY secretion between nonobese and obese volunteers at baseline. At 1 year after surgery, RYGB, but not SG, is associated with increased postprandial secretion of PYY and PYY , which may account for long-term differences in efficacy and adverse effects between the two types of surgery.
Topics: Humans; Gastric Bypass; Peptide YY; Chromatography, Liquid; Blood Glucose; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Obesity; Gastrectomy; Tyrosine
PubMed: 36345253
DOI: 10.1111/cen.14846 -
American Journal of Physiology.... May 2004Many peptides are synthesized and released from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, including pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and the products of the gastrointestinal L... (Review)
Review
Many peptides are synthesized and released from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, including pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and the products of the gastrointestinal L cells, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY (PYY). Whereas their roles in regulation of gastrointestinal function have been known for some time, it is now evident that they also influence eating behavior. This review considers the anorectic peptides PYY, PP, GLP-1, and oxyntomodulin, which decrease appetite and promote satiety in both animal models and humans.
Topics: Digestive System; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptides; Humans; Oxyntomodulin; Pancreatic Polypeptide; Peptide Fragments; Peptide YY; Protein Precursors; Satiety Response; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 15068960
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00536.2003