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The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and... 2009Major Depressive Disorder is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has received ample empirical... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Major Depressive Disorder is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has received ample empirical support and is considered one of the most effective modes of treatment for depression. In this article, we review the theoretical underpinnings of this approach, whereby biased cognition and maladaptive behavioral patterns are thought to be core factors contributing to the development and maintenance of depression. We describe cognitive and behavioral strategies and techniques used in the treatment of depression. We conclude with an updated review of outcome research comparing the effectiveness of CBT as a whole and its specific cognitive and behavioral components with a standard treatment of anti-depressant medication.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Awareness; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Perceptual Distortion; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reality Testing; Secondary Prevention; Social Behavior
PubMed: 20635774
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Vision Aug 2023Wearable optics have a broad range of uses, for example, in refractive spectacles and augmented/virtual reality devices. Despite the long-standing and widespread use of...
Wearable optics have a broad range of uses, for example, in refractive spectacles and augmented/virtual reality devices. Despite the long-standing and widespread use of wearable optics in vision care and technology, user discomfort remains an enduring mystery. Some of this discomfort is thought to derive from optical image minification and magnification. However, there is limited scientific data characterizing the full range of physical and perceptual symptoms caused by minification or magnification during daily life. In this study, we aimed to evaluate sensitivity to changes in retinal image size introduced by wearable optics. Forty participants wore 0%, 2%, and 4% radially symmetric optical minifying lenses binocularly (over both eyes) and monocularly (over just one eye). Physical and perceptual symptoms were measured during tasks that required head movement, visual search, and judgment of world motion. All lens pairs except the controls (0% binocular) were consistently associated with increased discomfort along some dimension. Greater minification tended to be associated with greater discomfort, and monocular minification was often-but not always-associated with greater symptoms than binocular minification. Furthermore, our results suggest that dizziness and visual motion were the most reported physical and perceptual symptoms during naturalistic tasks. This work establishes preliminary guidelines for tolerances to binocular and monocular image size distortion in wearable optics.
Topics: Humans; Eye; Refraction, Ocular; Vision, Ocular; Vision, Low; Wearable Electronic Devices; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 37552022
DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.8.10 -
Consciousness and Cognition Mar 2023Strange face illusions describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer gazes at their image reflected in a mirror or at another person's face in a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Strange face illusions describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer gazes at their image reflected in a mirror or at another person's face in a dimly lit room. The illusory effects range from mild alterations in colour, or contrast, to the perception of distorted facial features, or new strange faces.The current review critically evaluates studies investigating strange face illusions, their methodological quality, and existing interpretations.
METHOD
Searches conducted using Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and the grey literature until June 2022 identified 21 studies (N = 1,132; healthy participants n = 1,042; clinical participants n = 90) meeting the inclusion criteria (i.e., providing new empirical evidence relating to strange face illusions). The total sample had a mean age of 28.3 years (SD = 10.31) and two thirds (67 %) of participants tested to date are female. Results are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/ek48d).
RESULTS
Pooling data across studies, illusory new strange faces are experienced by 58% (95%CI 48 to 68) of nonclinical participants. Study quality as assessed by the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) revealed that 3/21 (14.28%) studies were rated as high, 9/21 (42.86%) as moderate and 9/21 (42.86%) as low quality. Whilst the items relating specifically to reporting quality scored quite highly, those relating to study design and possible biases were lower and more variable. Overall, study quality accounted for 87% of the variance in reporting rates for strange faces, with higher quality being associated with lower illusion rates. The prevalence of illusions was also significantly greater in samples that were older, had higher proportions of female participants and for the interpersonal dyad (IGDT) compared to the mirror gaze paradigm (MGT). The moderating impact of study quality persisted in a multiple meta-regression involving participant age, paradigm type (IGDT vs MGT) and level of feature distortion. Our review point to the importance of reduced light levels, face stimuli and prolonged eye fixation for strange face illusions to emerge.
CONCLUSION
Strange face illusions reliably occur in both mirror-gazing and interpersonal gazing dyad paradigms. Further research of higher quality is required to establish the prevalence and particularly, the mechanisms underpinning strange face illusions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Male; Illusions; Cross-Sectional Studies; Face; Fixation, Ocular; Dissociative Disorders
PubMed: 36764163
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103480 -
FACE (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) Jun 2022Articulation problems are seen in 80-90% of dentofacial deformity (DFD) subjects compared with 5% of the general population, impacting communication and quality of life,...
INTRODUCTION
Articulation problems are seen in 80-90% of dentofacial deformity (DFD) subjects compared with 5% of the general population, impacting communication and quality of life, but the causal link is unclear. We hypothesize there are both qualitative (perceptual) and quantitative (spectral) differences in properties of stop (/t/ or /k/), fricative (/s/ or /∫/), and affricate (/t∫/) consonant sounds and that severity of anterior open bite (AOB) jaw disharmonies correlates with degree of speech abnormality.
METHODS
To test our hypotheses, surgical orthodontic records and audio recordings were collected from DFD patients (n=39 AOB, 62 controls). A speech pathologist evaluated subjects and recordings were analyzed using spectral moment analysis (SMA) to measure sound frequency distortions.
RESULTS
Perceptually, there is a higher prevalence of auditory and visual speech distortions in AOB DFD patients when compared to controls. Quantitatively, a significant (p<0.01) increase in the centroid frequency (M1) was seen in the /k/, /t/, /t∫/, and /s/ sounds of AOB subjects compared to the controls. Using linear regression, correlations between AOB skeletal severity and spectral distortion were found for /k/ and /t/ sounds.
CONCLUSIONS
A higher prevalence of qualitative distortion and significant quantitative spectral distortions in consonant sounds were seen in AOB patients compared to controls. Additionally, severity of skeletal AOB is correlated with degree of distortion for consonant sounds. These findings provide insight into how the surgical and/or orthodontic treatment of AOB may impact speech.
PubMed: 35903399
DOI: 10.1177/27325016221082229 -
Acta Psychologica Jul 2022This study aimed to confirm the status of body image perception by adolescents in South Korea and identify the associated factors using the data from the 14th Korea...
This study aimed to confirm the status of body image perception by adolescents in South Korea and identify the associated factors using the data from the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (KYRBS) conducted in 2018. The KYRBS is a government-approved statistical survey performed annually and an anonymous self-administered online survey conducted in middle and high school students. The data for this study were downloaded from the KYRBS web site and analyzed through complex sample analysis. Body image distortion was found in 40.3% (under-perception 26.5%, over-perception 13.8%) of the boys and 39.7% (under-perception 14.4%, over-perception 25.3%) of the girls. The factors associated with body image distortion were school achievement, weight control, school, school type and exercise in school gym class in boys and school achievement, weight control, and economic status in girls. These results indicated that intervention programs for the accurate perception of body image should be provided to adolescents and these programs should consider gender difference in factors associated with adolescents' body image distortion.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Body Image; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Male; Republic of Korea; Risk-Taking; Students
PubMed: 35623123
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103620 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2021Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) features as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5, ICD-11, and other major classifications, but our knowledge of the...
Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) features as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5, ICD-11, and other major classifications, but our knowledge of the phenomenology of the perceptual symptoms involved and the changes in consciousness during the characteristic "flashbacks" is limited. We systematically evaluated original case reports and case series on HPPD to define its phenomenology, associated (psycho)pathology, and course. Our search of PubMed and Embase yielded 66 relevant publications that described 97 people who, together, experienced 64 unique symptoms of HPPD. Of these, 76% concerned symptoms characteristic of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, over 50% non-visual symptoms, and 38% perceptual symptoms not clearly linked to prior intoxication states. This is in contrast with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for HPPD. Even though less than half of the patients showed a protracted disease course of over a year, a third achieved remission. However, in patients with co-occurring depression (with or without anxiety) HPPD symptoms persisted longer and treatment outcomes were more often negative. Thus, unlike the acute stages of psychedelic drug intoxication, which may be accompanied by altered states of consciousness, HPPD is rather characterized by changes in the of consciousness and an attentional shift from exogenous to endogenous phenomena. Since HPPD is a more encompassing nosological entity than suggested in the DSM-5, we recommend expanding its diagnostic criteria. In addition, we make recommendations for clinical practice and future research.
PubMed: 34456666
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.675768 -
Journal of Experimental Psychology.... Nov 2019We live in a dynamic, distracting world. When distracting information captures attention, what are the consequences for perception? Previous literature has focused on...
We live in a dynamic, distracting world. When distracting information captures attention, what are the consequences for perception? Previous literature has focused on effects such as reaction time (RT) slowing, accuracy decrements, and oculomotor capture by distractors. In the current study, we asked whether attentional capture by distractors can also more fundamentally alter target feature representations, and if so, whether participants are aware of such errors. Using a continuous report task and novel confidence range report paradigm, we discovered 2 types of feature-binding errors when a distractor was presented along with the target: First, when attention is strongly captured by the distractor, participants commit swapping errors (misreporting the color at the distractor location instead of the target color), which remarkably seem to occur without awareness. Second, when participants successfully resist capture, they tend to exhibit repulsion (perceptual distortion away from the color at the distractor location). Thus, we found that capture not only induces a spatial shift of attention, it also alters feature perception in striking ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Female; Humans; Male; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 31464467
DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000681 -
Perception 2003
Topics: Face; Form Perception; Humans; Perceptual Distortion; Rotation; Visual Perception
PubMed: 12613781
DOI: 10.1068/p3201ed -
Journal of Speech, Language, and... Feb 2012This review article provides a theoretical overview of the characteristics of perceptual learning, reviews perceptual learning studies that pertain to dysarthric... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
This review article provides a theoretical overview of the characteristics of perceptual learning, reviews perceptual learning studies that pertain to dysarthric populations, and identifies directions for future research that consider the application of perceptual learning to the management of dysarthria.
METHOD
A critical review of the literature was conducted that summarized and synthesized previously published research in the area of perceptual learning with atypical speech. Literature related to perceptual learning of neurologically degraded speech was emphasized with the aim of identifying key directions for future research with this population.
CONCLUSIONS
Familiarization with unfamiliar or ambiguous speech signals can facilitate perceptual learning of that same speech signal. There is a small but growing body of evidence that perceptual learning also occurs for listeners familiarized with dysarthric speech. Perceptual learning of the dysarthric signal is both theoretically and clinically significant. In order to establish the efficacy of exploiting perceptual learning paradigms for rehabilitative gain in dysarthria management, research is required to build on existing empirical evidence and develop a theoretical framework for learning to better recognize neurologically degraded speech.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Discrimination Learning; Dysarthria; Humans; Learning; Perceptual Distortion; Speech Intelligibility; Speech Perception
PubMed: 22199185
DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0349) -
Psychological Bulletin Jan 2012Insomnia is prevalent, causing severe distress and impairment. This review focuses on illuminating the puzzling finding that many insomnia patients misperceive their... (Review)
Review
Insomnia is prevalent, causing severe distress and impairment. This review focuses on illuminating the puzzling finding that many insomnia patients misperceive their sleep. They overestimate their sleep onset latency (SOL) and underestimate their total sleep time (TST), relative to objective measures. This tendency is ubiquitous (although not universal). Resolving this puzzle has clinical, theoretical, and public health importance. There are implications for assessment, definition, and treatment. Moreover, solving the puzzle creates an opportunity for real-world applications of theories from clinical, perceptual, and social psychology as well as neuroscience. Herein we evaluate 13 possible resolutions to the puzzle. Specifically, we consider the possible contribution, to misperception, of (1) features inherent to the context of sleep (e.g., darkness); (2) the definition of sleep onset, which may lack sensitivity for insomnia patients; (3) insomnia being an exaggerated sleep complaint; (4) psychological distress causing magnification; (5) a deficit in time estimation ability; (6) sleep being misperceived as wake; (7) worry and selective attention toward sleep-related threats; (8) a memory bias influenced by current symptoms and emotions, a confirmation bias/belief bias, or a recall bias linked to the intensity/recency of symptoms; (9) heightened physiological arousal; (10) elevated cortical arousal; (11) the presence of brief awakenings; (12) a fault in neuronal circuitry; and (13) there being 2 insomnia subtypes (one with and one without misperception). The best supported resolutions were misperception of sleep as wake, worry, and brief awakenings. A deficit in time estimation ability was not supported. We conclude by proposing several integrative solutions.
Topics: Actigraphy; Arousal; Attention; Darkness; Humans; Mental Recall; Models, Theoretical; Perceptual Distortion; Personality Assessment; Polysomnography; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Stress, Psychological; Time Perception; Wakefulness
PubMed: 21967449
DOI: 10.1037/a0025730