-
Cancers Jun 2019Perineural invasion (PNI) is defined as the presence of neoplastic cells along nerves and/or within the different layers of nervous fibers: epineural, perineural and... (Review)
Review
Perineural invasion (PNI) is defined as the presence of neoplastic cells along nerves and/or within the different layers of nervous fibers: epineural, perineural and endoneural spaces. In pancreatic cancer-particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-PNI has a prevalence between 70 and 100%, surpassing any other solid tumor. PNI has been detected in the early stages of pancreatic cancer and has been associated with pain, increased tumor recurrence and diminished overall survival. Such an early, invasive and recurrent phenomenon is probably crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. PNI is a still not a uniformly characterized event; usually it is described only dichotomously ("present" or "absent"). Recently, a more detailed scoring system for PNI has been proposed, though not specific for pancreatic cancer. Previous studies have implicated several molecules and pathways in PNI, among which are secreted neurotrophins, chemokines and inflammatory cells. However, the mechanisms underlying PNI are poorly understood and several aspects are actively being investigated. In this review, we will discuss the main molecules and signaling pathways implicated in PNI and their roles in the PDAC.
PubMed: 31248001
DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070893 -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum 2023Treating facial aging with CO lasering or microneedling are cornerstones of facial rejuvenation. Skin rejuvenation utilizing thermal and mechanical treatments have...
BACKGROUND
Treating facial aging with CO lasering or microneedling are cornerstones of facial rejuvenation. Skin rejuvenation utilizing thermal and mechanical treatments have historically been considered too injurious to be combined at a single setting. Autologous nanofat has been shown to deliver wound healing properties. We investigated the safety and efficacy of co-terminus CO lasering and microneedling to resolve fine lines and rhytids in facial skin with addition of autologous nanofat to aid in recovery.
OBJECTIVES
Combination treatments may result in better results with faster recovery. We investigated the safety and efficacy of co-terminus CO lasering and microneedling to resolve fine lines and rhytids in facial skin with addition of autologous nanofat to aid in recovery.
METHODS
Twenty-three patients underwent facial treatment with CO lasering followed by microneedling and application of autologous nanofat (LaMiNa). One volunteer patient had tissue biopsies of treatment areas to demonstrate histologic tissue level changes.
RESULTS
All patients verbally reported no pain (Numerical Rating System 0-10) following procedure and had rapid recovery within an average of 5 days. Pathology results demonstrated that CO and microneedling had persistent epidermal disruption and perineural inflammation at 4 days, while the introduction of autologous nanofat at the time of CO and microneedling resulted in full recovery of epidermis and resolution of perineural inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS
Triple therapy (LaMiNa) with thermal CO remodeling and mechanical microneedling penetration have accelerated and pain-free recovery with the addition of autologous nanofat. Histologic analysis reveals that epidermal recovery is accelerated and perineural inflammation is reduced with the addition of autologous nanofat following skin remodeling from combined CO and microneedling.
PubMed: 37089168
DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojad028 -
Biomedical Papers of the Medical... Dec 2019Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a growing problem worldwide. Several biological and molecular criteria have been established for making a prognosis of OSCC. One...
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a growing problem worldwide. Several biological and molecular criteria have been established for making a prognosis of OSCC. One of the most important factors affecting the risk of tumor recurrence and overall prognosis is perineural invasion and bone invasion. Perineural invasion is defined as a tumor spreading and the ability of tumor cells to penetrate around or through the nerve tissue. Perineural invasion can cause the tumor to spread to distant areas from the primary tumor location. One possible explanation for this is the formation of microenvironment in the perineural space which may contain cellular factors that act on both nerve tissue and some types of tumor tissues. Bone invasion by OSCC has major implications for tumor staging, choice of treatment, outcome and quality of life. Oral SCCs invade the mandibular or maxillary bone through an erosive, infiltrative or mixed pattern that correlates with clinical behavior. Bone resorption by osteoclasts is an important step in the process of bone invasion by oral SCCs. Some cytokines (e.g. TNFα and PTHrP) lead to receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression or osteoprotegerin (OPG) suppression in oral SCC cells and in cancer stromal cells to induce osteoclastogenesis. Oral SCCs provide a suitable microenvironment for osteoclastogenesis to regulate the balance of RANKL and OPG. A more molecular-based clinical staging and tailor-made therapy would benefit patients with bone invasion by OSCC.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis
PubMed: 31435075
DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.032 -
Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part... Apr 2016We present a review of the imaging surveillance following treatment for large nerve perineural spread in the skull base. The expected appearance and possible... (Review)
Review
We present a review of the imaging surveillance following treatment for large nerve perineural spread in the skull base. The expected appearance and possible complications following surgery and radiotherapy are discussed. Imaging examples of the possible sites of disease recurrence are also presented.
PubMed: 27123395
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1571840 -
Anticancer Research Aug 2016To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between perineural invasion-positive (PP) and -negative (PN) cutaneous squamous cell cancers (CSCC).
AIM
To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between perineural invasion-positive (PP) and -negative (PN) cutaneous squamous cell cancers (CSCC).
MATERIALS/METHODS
Forty CSCC samples with and without perineural invasion were processed for RNA isolation and hybridization to Affymetrix-U219 DNA microarrays. Raw gene expression data were normalized by Robust Multi-array Averaging (RMA) and log2 transformed. Gene expression-based classification models were created and accuracies evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation.
RESULTS
At a stringent limma p-value (p<0.001), 24 genes were differentially expressed between PP and PN samples. The cross-validated performance of the eight classification models exhibited a mean accuracy of 85-95%. Diagonal linear discriminant was most accurate at 95%, followed by Bayesian compound covariate at 94%. The poorest accuracy (85%) was observed for 1-Nearest neighbor and Support vector machines.
CONCLUSION
Gene expression may distinguish between PP and PN CSCC. Understanding these gene patterns may potentiate more timely diagnosis of perineural invasion and guide comprehensive therapies.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers, Tumor; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms, Squamous Cell; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Skin Neoplasms; Support Vector Machine
PubMed: 27466506
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2014The prognostic role of perineural invasion in gastric cancer is controversial. Here, we present a systemic review and meta-analysis of the association between perineural... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The prognostic role of perineural invasion in gastric cancer is controversial. Here, we present a systemic review and meta-analysis of the association between perineural invasion and survival in resectable gastric cancer patients.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search for relevant reports published up to April 2013 was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Wanfang Data. Studies that investigated the role of perineural invasion with a sample size greater than 100 were included and analyzed.
RESULTS
A total of 30,590 gastric cancer patients who had undergone curative gastrectomy from twenty-four studies were included. The median rate of perineural invasion positive was 40.9% (6.8%-75.6%). Fourteen studies investigated overall survival unadjusted for other variables in 23,233 gastric cancer patients. The relative hazard estimates ranged from 0.568-7.901 with a combined random effects estimate of 2.261 (95% CI = 1.841-2.777, P = 0.000). The effect of perineural invasion on overall survival adjusted for other prognostic factors was reported in 17 studies incorporating 8,551 cases. The hazard estimates ranged from 0.420-8.110 with a pooled random effects estimates of 1.484 (95% CI = 1.237-1.781, P = 0.000). There was heterogeneity between the studies (Q = 49.22, I-squared = 67.5%, P = 0.000). Disease-free survival was investigated adjusted in four studies incorporating 9,083 cases and the pooled fixed hazard ratio estimate was 1.371(95% CI = 1.230-1.527, P = 0.000).
CONCLUSION
Perineural invasion is an independent prognostic factor affecting overall survival and disease-free survival of gastric cancer patients who had undergone the curative resection. This effect is independent of lymph node status, tumor size and the depth of invasion as well as a range of other biological variables on multivariate analysis. Large prospective studies are now needed to establish perineural invasion as an independent prognostic marker for gastric cancer.
Topics: Gastrectomy; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Models, Statistical; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Peripheral Nerves; Prognosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 24586437
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088907 -
Insights Into Imaging Dec 2018Perineural tumour spread (PNTS) in head and neck oncology is most often caused by squamous cell carcinoma. The most frequently affected nerves are the trigeminal and... (Review)
Review
Perineural tumour spread (PNTS) in head and neck oncology is most often caused by squamous cell carcinoma. The most frequently affected nerves are the trigeminal and facial nerves. Up to 40% of patients with PNTS may be asymptomatic. Therefore, the index of suspicion should be high when evaluating imaging studies of patients with head and neck cancer. This review describes a "quick search checklist" of easily detected imaging signs of PNTS. TEACHING POINTS: • A distinctive feature of head and neck tumours is growth along nerves. • Perineural tumour spread is most often caused by squamous cell carcinoma. • There are several key findings for the detection of perineural tumour spread.
PubMed: 30446949
DOI: 10.1007/s13244-018-0672-8 -
American Journal of Stem Cells 2021Most epithelium tissues continuously undergo self-renewal through proliferation and differentiation of epithelial stem cells (known as homeostasis), within a specialized... (Review)
Review
Most epithelium tissues continuously undergo self-renewal through proliferation and differentiation of epithelial stem cells (known as homeostasis), within a specialized stem cell niche. In highly innervated epithelium, peripheral nerves compose perineural niche and support stem cell homeostasis by releasing a variety of neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors and supplying trophic factors to the stem cells. Emerging evidence has shown that both sensory and motor nerves can regulate the fate of epithelial stem cells, thus influencing epithelium homeostasis. Understanding the mechanism of crosstalk between epithelial stem cells and neurons will reveal the important role of the perineural niche in physiological and pathological conditions. Herein, we review recent discoveries of the perineural niche in epithelium mainly in tissue homeostasis, with a limited touch in wound repair and pathogenesis.
PubMed: 34849302
DOI: No ID Found -
Cancers Feb 2023Perineural invasion (PNI) as the fourth way for solid tumors metastasis and invasion has attracted a lot of attention, recent research reported a new point that PNI... (Review)
Review
Perineural invasion (PNI) as the fourth way for solid tumors metastasis and invasion has attracted a lot of attention, recent research reported a new point that PNI starts to include axon growth and possible nerve "invasion" to tumors as the component. More and more tumor-nerve crosstalk has been explored to explain the internal mechanism for tumor microenvironment (TME) of some types of tumors tends to observe nerve infiltration. As is well known, the interaction of tumor cells, peripheral blood vessels, extracellular matrix, other non-malignant cells, and signal molecules in TME plays a key role in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of cancer, as to the occurrence and development of PNI. We aim to summarize the current theories on the molecular mediators and pathogenesis of PNI, add the latest scientific research progress, and explore the use of single-cell spatial transcriptomics in this invasion way. A better understanding of PNI may help to understand tumor metastasis and recurrence and will be beneficial for improving staging strategies, new treatment methods, and even paradigm shifts in our treatment of patients.
PubMed: 36900158
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051360 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2020Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland (SACC) is a rare malignant tumors of the head and neck region, but it is one of the most common malignant tumors that are... (Review)
Review
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland (SACC) is a rare malignant tumors of the head and neck region, but it is one of the most common malignant tumors that are prone to perineural invasion (PNI) of the head and neck. The prognosis of patients with SACC is strongly associated with the presence of perineural spread (PNS). Although many contributing factors have been reported, the mechanisms underlying the preferential destruction of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) by tumors and the infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by nerve fibers in SACC, have received little research attention. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the characteristics of SACC in relation to the PNI, and then highlights the interplay between components of the tumor microenvironment and perineural niche, as well as their contributions to the PNI. Finally, we provide new insights into the possible mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PNI, with particular emphasis on the role of extracellular vesicles that may serve as an attractive entry point in future studies.
PubMed: 33014792
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01493