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The Journal of Physiology Jan 2016A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) have emerged as a converging point of diverse signals to achieve spatiotemporal resolution of directed cellular regulation. With the... (Review)
Review
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) have emerged as a converging point of diverse signals to achieve spatiotemporal resolution of directed cellular regulation. With the extensive studies of AKAP79/150 in regulation of ion channel activity, the major questions to be posed centre on the mechanism and functional role of synergistic regulation of ion channels by such signalling proteins. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries of AKAP79/150-mediated modulation of voltage-gated neuronal M-type (KCNQ, Kv7) K(+) channels and L-type CaV 1 Ca(2+) channels, on both short- and longer-term time scales, highlighting the dynamics of the macromolecular signalling complexes in brain and peripheral nerve We also discuss several models for the possible mechanisms of these multi-protein assemblies and how they serve the agenda of the neurons in which they occur.
Topics: A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Animals; Brain; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Humans; KCNQ Potassium Channels; Peripheral Nerves; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25653013
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.287698 -
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za... Mar 2021To review the research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration, and to provide reference for its related basic research and clinical treatment. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration, and to provide reference for its related basic research and clinical treatment.
METHODS
The pathophysiology of peripheral nerve after injury, several main factors affecting the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerve, and the fate of axon after mismatch regeneration were summarized by referring to the relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years.
RESULTS
Distal pathways and target organs can selectively affect the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; different phenotypes of Schwann cells have different effects on the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; studying the mechanism of action of exosomes from different Schwann cells on different types of axons can provide a new direction for solving the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves.
CONCLUSION
Peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration is affected by various factors. However, the specific mechanism and characteristics of these factors remain to be further studied.
Topics: Axons; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 33719250
DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202008085 -
Physical Therapy Oct 2022This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of neural mobilization (NM) in the management of sensory dysfunction and nerve degeneration related to experimental painful...
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of neural mobilization (NM) in the management of sensory dysfunction and nerve degeneration related to experimental painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN).
METHODS
This is a pre-clinical animal study performed in the streptozocin-induced diabetic rat model. Three groups were included: a treatment group of rats with PDN receiving NM under anesthesia (PDN-NM, n = 10), a sham treatment group of rats with PDN that received only anesthesia (PDN-Sham, n = 9), and a vehicle control group with nondiabetic animals (Vehicle, n = 10). Rats in the PDN-NM and PDN-Sham groups received 1 treatment session on days 10, 12, and 14 after streptozocin injection, with a 48-hour rest period between sessions. Behavioral tests were performed using von Frey and Plantar tests. Evaluation for peripheral nerve degeneration was performed through measuring protein gene product 9.5-positive intra-epidermal nerve fiber density in hind-paw skin biopsies. All measurements were performed by a blinded investigator.
RESULTS
The behavioral tests showed that a single NM session could reduce hyperalgesia, which was maintained for 48 hours. The second treatment session further improved this treatment effect, and the third session maintained it. These results suggest that it requires multiple treatment sessions to produce and maintain hypoalgesic effects. Skin biopsy analysis showed that the protein gene product 9.5-positive intra-epidermal nerve fiber density was higher on the experimental side of the PDN-NM group compared with the PDN-Sham group, suggesting NM may mitigate the degeneration of peripheral nerves.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that NM may be an effective method to manage experimentally induced PDN, potentially through mitigation of nerve degeneration. Further studies are needed to develop standardized protocols for clinical use.
IMPACT
These findings provide neurophysiological evidence for the use of NM in PDN and can form the basis for the development of physical therapy-based programs in clinics.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Nerve Degeneration; Peripheral Nerves; Streptozocin
PubMed: 35913760
DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac104 -
Progress in Neurobiology Aug 2023Myelin improves axonal conduction velocity and is essential for nerve development and regeneration. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells depend on bidirectional...
Myelin improves axonal conduction velocity and is essential for nerve development and regeneration. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells depend on bidirectional mechanical and biochemical signaling to form the myelin sheath but the mechanism underlying this process is not understood. Rho GTPases are integrators of "outside-in" signaling that link cytoskeletal dynamics with cellular architecture to regulate morphology and adhesion. Using Schwann cell-specific gene inactivation in the mouse, we discovered that RhoA promotes the initiation of myelination, and is required to both drive and terminate myelin growth at different stages of peripheral myelination, suggesting developmentally-specific modes of action. In Schwann cells, RhoA targets actin filament turnover, via Cofilin 1, actomyosin contractility and cortical actin-membrane attachments. This mechanism couples actin cortex mechanics with the molecular organization of the cell boundary to target specific signaling networks that regulate axon-Schwann cell interaction/adhesion and myelin growth. This work shows that RhoA is a key component of a biomechanical response required to control Schwann cell state transitions for proper myelination of peripheral nerves.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Actins; Schwann Cells; Myelin Sheath; Peripheral Nerves; Axons
PubMed: 37315917
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102481 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Peripheral nerves are highly susceptible to injuries induced from everyday activities such as falling or work and sport accidents as well as more severe incidents such... (Review)
Review
Peripheral nerves are highly susceptible to injuries induced from everyday activities such as falling or work and sport accidents as well as more severe incidents such as car and motorcycle accidents. Many efforts have been made to improve nerve regeneration, but a satisfactory outcome is still unachieved, highlighting the need for easy to apply supportive strategies for stimulating nerve growth and functional recovery. Recent focus has been made on the effect of the consumed diet and its relation to healthy and well-functioning body systems. Normally, a balanced, healthy daily diet should provide our body with all the needed nutritional elements for maintaining correct function. The health of the central and peripheral nervous system is largely dependent on balanced nutrients supply. While already addressed in many reviews with different focus, we comprehensively review here the possible role of different nutrients in maintaining a healthy peripheral nervous system and their possible role in supporting the process of peripheral nerve regeneration. In fact, many dietary supplements have already demonstrated an important role in peripheral nerve development and regeneration; thus, a tailored dietary plan supplied to a patient following nerve injury could play a non-negotiable role in accelerating and promoting the process of nerve regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Nutrients; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves; Recovery of Function
PubMed: 34299037
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147417 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2018The motor and sensory branches of the somatic peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be visualised by different imaging systems. This article focuses on imaging of... (Review)
Review
The motor and sensory branches of the somatic peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be visualised by different imaging systems. This article focuses on imaging of peripheral nerves by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution ultrasound (US). The anatomic basis of the peripheral nerve image, common pathologies and clinical value of US and MRI imaging of peripheral nerves are reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Reproducibility of Results; Severity of Illness Index; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 30296978
DOI: No ID Found -
AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology Mar 2004
Topics: Anisotropy; Brachial Plexus; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies; Collagen; Humans; Image Enhancement; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 15037454
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Clinical and Experimental... Nov 2018The pathogenesis of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (SRP) associated with connective tissue diseases (CTD) is not entirely understood. Nervous system dysfunction and...
Analysis of peripheral nerve and autonomic nervous system function and the stage of microangiopathy in patients with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon in the course of connective tissue diseases.
BACKGROUND
The pathogenesis of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (SRP) associated with connective tissue diseases (CTD) is not entirely understood. Nervous system dysfunction and microangiopathy are considered to be causes of this pathology.
OBJECTIVES
Peripheral and autonomic nervous system function, the stage of microangiopathy, and the relationships between these in patients with SRP were analyzed.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In the study, 20 patients with CTD-related SRP and 30 healthy controls were subject to capillaroscopy, standard conduction velocity tests and conduction velocity distribution (CVD) tests in ulnar and peroneal nerves, heart rate variability (HRV), and sympathetic skin response (SSR) tests.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the standard motor and sensory conduction velocity tests, or in CVD tests in the ulnar and peroneal nerves in SRP patients compared with the controls. The patients with SRP had a significantly lower SSR amplitude and longer latency in hands and feet. The patients with CTD-related SRP had a significantly lower mean HRV with higher low frequency (LF) values in the spectral analysis and expiration/inspiration ratio (E/I) during deep breathing. There was no correlation between the stage of microangiopathy and neurophysiological test results.
CONCLUSIONS
Correct standard conduction velocity and CVD testing in patients with SPR suggest that vasomotor disturbances may occur in CTD regardless of peripheral neuropathy. The lack of relationship between SSR and microangiopathy could confirm that these 2 processes occur independently in patients with CTD-related SRP. Autonomic nervous system impairment together with normal peripheral nerve function suggest the central origin of CTD-related SRP.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Case-Control Studies; Connective Tissue Diseases; Humans; Neural Conduction; Peripheral Nerves; Peroneal Nerve; Raynaud Disease
PubMed: 29558039
DOI: 10.17219/acem/75618 -
BioMed Research International 2014Studies have shown that lysosomal activation increases in Schwann cells after nerve injury. Lysosomal activation is thought to promote the engulfment of myelin debris or... (Review)
Review
Studies have shown that lysosomal activation increases in Schwann cells after nerve injury. Lysosomal activation is thought to promote the engulfment of myelin debris or fragments of injured axons in Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. However, a recent interpretation of lysosomal activation proposes a different view of the phenomenon. During Wallerian degeneration, lysosomes become secretory vesicles and are activated for lysosomal exocytosis. The lysosomal exocytosis triggers adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) release from peripheral neurons and Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. Exocytosis is involved in demyelination and axonal degradation, which facilitate nerve regeneration following nerve degeneration. At this time, released ATP may affect the communication between cells in peripheral nerves. In this review, our description of the relationship between lysosomal exocytosis and Wallerian degeneration has implications for the understanding of peripheral nerve degenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Demyelinating Diseases; Exocytosis; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Lysosomes; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves; Schwann Cells; Wallerian Degeneration
PubMed: 25101301
DOI: 10.1155/2014/936891 -
Anaesthesia Jan 2021With the widespread use of ultrasound for localising nerves during peripheral nerve blockade, the value of electrical nerve stimulation of evoked motor responses has... (Review)
Review
With the widespread use of ultrasound for localising nerves during peripheral nerve blockade, the value of electrical nerve stimulation of evoked motor responses has been questioned. Studies continue to show that, compared with nerve stimulation, ultrasound guidance alone leads to: significantly improved block success; decreased need for rescue analgesia; decreased procedural pain; and lower rates of vascular puncture. Nerve stimulation combined with ultrasound does also not appear to improve block success rates, apart from those blocks where the nerves are challenging to view, such as the obturator nerve. The role of nerve stimulation has changed in the last 15 years from a technique to locate nerves to that of an adjunct to ultrasound. Nerve stimulation can serve as a monitor against needle-nerve contact and may be useful in avoiding nerves that are in the needle trajectory during specific ultrasound guided techniques. Nerve stimulation is also a useful adjunct in teaching novices ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia, especially when the position and or appearance of nerves may be variable. In this review, the changing role of nerve stimulation in contemporary regional anaesthetic practice is presented and discussed.
Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Electric Stimulation; Humans; Nerve Block; Peripheral Nerves; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 33426665
DOI: 10.1111/anae.15257