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Cells Apr 2021S100A4 is a member of the large family of S100 proteins, exerting a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions that vary upon different cellular contexts.... (Review)
Review
S100A4 is a member of the large family of S100 proteins, exerting a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions that vary upon different cellular contexts. While S100A4 has long been implicated mainly in tumorigenesis and metastatization, mounting evidence shows that S100A4 is a key player in promoting pro-inflammatory phenotypes and organ pro-fibrotic pathways in the liver, kidney, lung, heart, tendons, and synovial tissues. Regarding the nervous system, there is still limited information concerning S100A4 presence and function. It was observed that S100A4 exerts physiological roles contributing to neurogenesis, cellular motility and chemotaxis, cell differentiation, and cell-to cell communication. Furthermore, S100A4 is likely to participate to numerous pathological processes of the nervous system by affecting the functions of astrocytes, microglia, infiltrating cells and neurons and thereby modulating inflammation and immune reactions, fibrosis as well as neuronal plasticity and survival. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the localization, deregulation, and possible functions of S100A4 in the physiology of the central and peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, we highlight S100A4 as a gene involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute injuries.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Central Nervous System; Humans; Models, Biological; Peripheral Nervous System; S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4
PubMed: 33918416
DOI: 10.3390/cells10040798 -
The Journal of Physiology Jul 2016
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nervous System; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 27365158
DOI: 10.1113/JP270898 -
Steroids Nov 2015In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the... (Review)
Review
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Peripheral Nervous System; Steroids
PubMed: 25824325
DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... 2014The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of embryonic and larval stage Drosophila consists of diverse types of sensory neurons positioned along the body wall. Sensory... (Review)
Review
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of embryonic and larval stage Drosophila consists of diverse types of sensory neurons positioned along the body wall. Sensory neurons, and associated end organs, show highly stereotyped locations and morphologies. Many powerful genetic tools for gene manipulation available in Drosophila make the PNS an advantageous system for elucidating basic principles of neural development. Studies of the Drosophila PNS have provided key insights into molecular mechanisms of cell fate specification, asymmetric cell division, and dendritic morphogenesis. A canonical lineage gives rise to sensory neurons and associated organs, and cells within this lineage are diversified through asymmetric cell divisions. Newly specified sensory neurons develop specific dendritic patterns, which are controlled by numerous factors including transcriptional regulators, interactions with neighboring neurons, and intracellular trafficking systems. In addition, sensory axons show modality specific terminations in the central nervous system, which are patterned by secreted ligands and their receptors expressed by sensory axons. Modality-specific axon projections are critical for coordinated larval behaviors. We review the molecular basis for PNS development and address some of the instances in which the mechanisms and molecules identified are conserved in vertebrate development.
Topics: Animals; Asymmetric Cell Division; Body Patterning; Dendrites; Drosophila melanogaster; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Larva; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 24896657
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.135 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023It has been widely demonstrated that the gut microbiota is responsible for essential functions in human health and that its perturbation is implicated in the development... (Review)
Review
It has been widely demonstrated that the gut microbiota is responsible for essential functions in human health and that its perturbation is implicated in the development and progression of a growing list of diseases. The number of studies evaluating how the gut microbiota interacts with and influences other organs and systems in the body and vice versa is constantly increasing and several 'gut-organ axes' have already been defined. Recently, the view on the link between the gut microbiota (GM) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has become broader by exceeding the fact that the PNS can serve as a systemic carrier of GM-derived metabolites and products to other organs. The PNS as the communication network between the central nervous system and the periphery of the body and internal organs can rather be affected itself by GM perturbation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the impact of gut microbiota on the PNS, with regard to its somatic and autonomic divisions, in physiological, regenerative and pathological conditions.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Central Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 37175764
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098061 -
Cells Dec 2022Neurotrophic factors, including neurotrophins and neuropeptides, are secreted proteins that regulate the survival, development, and physiological functions of neurons in...
Neurotrophic factors, including neurotrophins and neuropeptides, are secreted proteins that regulate the survival, development, and physiological functions of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems [...].
Topics: Nerve Growth Factors; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System; Neuropeptides
PubMed: 36611840
DOI: 10.3390/cells12010047 -
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica Jun 2011The expression and role of the aquaporin (AQP) family water channels in the peripheral nervous system was less investigated. Since 2004, however, significant progress... (Review)
Review
The expression and role of the aquaporin (AQP) family water channels in the peripheral nervous system was less investigated. Since 2004, however, significant progress has been made in the immunolocalization, regulation and function of AQPs in the peripheral nervous system. These studies showed selective localization of three AQPs (AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4) in dorsal root ganglion neurons, enteric neurons and glial cells, periodontal Ruffini endings, trigeminal ganglion neurons and vomeronasal sensory neurons. Functional characterization in transgenic knockout mouse model revealed important role of AQP1 in pain perception. This review will summarize the progress in this field and discuss possible involvement of AQPs in peripheral neuropathies and their potential as novel drug targets.
Topics: Animals; Aquaporins; Gene Expression; Humans; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 21602841
DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.63 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Aug 2014Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by medication, and various descriptions have been applied for this condition. In this MiniReview, the term 'drug-induced peripheral... (Review)
Review
Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by medication, and various descriptions have been applied for this condition. In this MiniReview, the term 'drug-induced peripheral neuropathy' (DIPN) is used with the suggested definition: Damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system caused by a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention or diagnosis of a disease. Optic neuropathy is included in this definition. A distinction between DIPN and other aetiologies of peripheral neuropathy is often quite difficult and thus, the aim of this MiniReview is to discuss the major agents associated with DIPN.
Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Optic Nerve Diseases; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 24786912
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12261 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2021In vertebrates, the nervous system (NS) is composed of a peripheral collection of neurons (the peripheral nervous system, PNS), a central set found in the brain and... (Review)
Review
In vertebrates, the nervous system (NS) is composed of a peripheral collection of neurons (the peripheral nervous system, PNS), a central set found in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system, CNS). The NS is protected by rather complicated multi-layer barriers that allow access to nutrients and facilitate contact with the peripheral tissues, but block entry of pathogens and toxins. Virus infections usually begin in peripheral tissues and if these barriers are weakened, they can spread into the PNS and more rarely into the CNS. Most viral infections of the NS are opportunistic or accidental pathogens that gain access via the bloodstream (e.g., HIV and various arboviruses). But a few have evolved to enter the NS efficiently by invading neurons directly and by exploiting neuronal cell biology (e.g., rhabdoviruses and alphaherpesviruses). Most NS infections are devastating and difficult to manage. Remarkably, the alphaherpesviruses establish life-long quiescent infections in the PNS, with rare but often serious CNS pathology. In this review, we will focus on how alphaherpesviruses gain access to and spread in the NS, with particular emphasis on bidirectional transport and spread within and between neurons and neural circuits, which is regulated by complex viral-host protein interactions. Finally, we will describe the wide use of alphaherpesviruses as tools to study nerve connectivity and function in animal models.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Central Nervous System; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 32723924
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.041.001 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Dec 2019Several decades of intense research provided us with a grand framework describing the emergence of neurons in central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems.... (Review)
Review
Several decades of intense research provided us with a grand framework describing the emergence of neurons in central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. However, the specifics of molecular events and lineage control leading to a plethora of neuronal subtypes stayed largely unclear. Today, the advances in single cell omics, sample clearing and 3D-microscopy techniques, brain organoids, and synaptic connectivity tracing enabled systematic and unbiased understanding of neuronal diversity, development, circuitry and cell identity control. Novel technological advancements stimulated the transition from conceptual scheme of neuronal differentiation into precise maps of molecular events leading to the diversity of specific neuronal subtypes in relation to their locations and microenvironment. These high-resolution data opened a set of new questions including how transcriptional and epigenetics states control the proportionality of neuronal subpopulations or what are the evolutionary mechanisms of origin of different neuronal subtypes. In this review, we outline the most recent advancements in our understanding of how the neuronal diversity is generated in CNS and PNS and briefly address the challenges and questions arising in the field of neurogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Central Nervous System; Models, Biological; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 31369951
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.003