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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... Jun 2024Ascites is the pathological accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. It often occurs as results of liver cirrhosis, malignant neoplasia, tuberculous... (Review)
Review
Ascites is the pathological accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. It often occurs as results of liver cirrhosis, malignant neoplasia, tuberculous infection, cardiac insufficiency, renal diseases, etc. Determining the etiology is an essential step in the management of patients with new-onset ascites. Abdominal paracentesis with appropriate ascitic fluid analysis is probably the most cost-effective method of determining the cause of ascites. We performed a literature search of PubMed and identified articles published in the field of ascites, to evaluate diagnostic values of various parameters in defining the etiologies of ascites and then provides diagnostic algorithm for patients with new-onset ascites. In patients with ascites, the constituent ratio of underlying etiology varies between developed and developing countries. It is a challenge to define the etiologies of ascites in developing countries. Routine ascitic fluid analysis should include the serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), total protein concentration, cell count and differential. Optional ascitic fluid analysis includes cholesterol, fluid culture, cytology, tumor markers, lactate dehydrogenase, adenosine deaminase (ADA), triglyceride, amylase, glucose, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), etc. Our review evaluated diagnostic values of the above parameters in defining the etiologies of ascites. Diagnostic algorithm established in this review would provide a practical and convenient diagnostic strategy for clinicians in diagnosing patients with new-onset ascites.
Topics: Humans; Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; Algorithms; Diagnosis, Differential
PubMed: 38112289
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1112 -
Acta Cytologica 2019Serous fluids are a common but important specimen type in a cytopathology laboratory. There is as yet no agreed standardized terminology to allow uniformity in reporting...
Serous fluids are a common but important specimen type in a cytopathology laboratory. There is as yet no agreed standardized terminology to allow uniformity in reporting on these specimens. Given that serous fluids are a rich source of cytopathological as well as molecular information on a range of benign and often advanced malignant conditions, a unified approach to handling and reporting these specimens covering the pre-analytical, analytical and postanalytical stages seems timely. Representatives of the international cytology community have come together once again to develop an algorithmic diagnostic and management approach to the reporting of these samples.
Topics: Ascitic Fluid; Consensus; Cytodiagnosis; Humans; Peritoneal Lavage; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 31234178
DOI: 10.1159/000501536 -
The Abundance and Function of Neutrophils in the Endometriosis Systemic and Pelvic Microenvironment.Mediators of Inflammation 2023Endometriosis is a common inflammatory illness in which endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity. Immune dysfunction is now widely acknowledged as the primary... (Review)
Review
Endometriosis is a common inflammatory illness in which endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity. Immune dysfunction is now widely acknowledged as the primary cause of endometriosis. The immune cell population represented by neutrophils is thought to play an essential role in the etiology, pathophysiology, and associated clinical outcome. There is growing evidence that neutrophils have a role in chronic and aseptic inflammatory diseases, and endometriosis patients have increased levels of neutrophils in plasma, peritoneal fluid, and ectopic endometrium. Here, we sought to review the function of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, with an emphasis on the role of neutrophils in regulating endometrial angiogenesis and the local inflammatory microenvironment.
Topics: Female; Humans; Neutrophils; Endometriosis; Ascitic Fluid; Endometrium
PubMed: 36762287
DOI: 10.1155/2023/1481489 -
Fertility and Sterility Mar 2000To investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in antegradely shed menstruum and peritoneal fluid. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in antegradely shed menstruum and peritoneal fluid.
DESIGN
A cell biological and immunohistochemical study.
SETTING
Tertiary care university medical center.
INTERVENTION(S)
Immunohistochemistry was performed on cryostat sections and cultures of menstrual endometrium. Zymography was used to characterize MMP activity in peritoneal fluid, in menstrual serum, and in conditioned medium. Western blot analysis was used to further identify the MMPs in these fluids.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Staining of MMPs and TIMPs in cryostat sections and cultures and MMP expression and activity in peritoneal fluid and menstrual blood serum.
RESULT(S)
Strong staining for MMP-1 and MMP-3 was observed in stroma and for MMP-7 in epithelium. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and MMP-9 were weakly expressed in stroma. Both TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were expressed in menstrual endometrium. Menstrual serum showed a pattern of MMP activity on zymography different from peritoneal fluid. Western blot analysis showed the presence of MMP-7 and MMP-9 in menstrual serum.
CONCLUSION(S)
Antegradely shed menstrual endometrium expresses several MMPs and TIMPs, even after culturing for 24 hours. MMP activity in menstrual serum is different from and more intense than MMP activity in peritoneal fluid. These enzymes may be involved in the early invasion of menstrual endometrium into the extracellular matrix of the peritoneum.
Topics: Ascitic Fluid; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Endometrium; Female; Histological Techniques; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Menstruation; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2
PubMed: 10689021
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00566-x -
Redox Biology Aug 2017Endometriosis is a chronic, painful condition with unknown etiology. A differential expression of microRNAs in the endometriotic tissues from women with endometriosis...
Endometriosis is a chronic, painful condition with unknown etiology. A differential expression of microRNAs in the endometriotic tissues from women with endometriosis with pain compared to those without suggested a plausible role for miRNA or epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of endometriotic pain. The peritoneal milieu is involved in maintenance of endometriotic lesion and nociception. We recently showed the mechanistic role for oxidized-lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) present in peritoneal fluid (PF) in endometriosis and pain. We explored the possibility of ox-LDLs modulating the expression of miRNAs in a manner similar to PF from women with endometriosis. Expression levels of miRNAs and their predicted nociceptive and inflammatory targets were determined in PF and ox-LDL treated human endometrial cell-lines. Samples from IRB-approved and consented patients with and without endometriosis or pain were used. These were compared to endometrial cell-lines treated with various forms of oxidized-lipoproteins. RNA (including miRNAs) were isolated from treated endometrial cells and expression levels were determined using commercial miRNome arrays. Cell lysates were used in immunoblotting for inflammatory proteins using a protein array. Twenty miRNAs including isoforms of miR-29, miR-181 and let-7 were mutually differentially expressed in cells treated with PF from endometriosis patients with pain and those treated with ox-LDL components. The ox-LDLs and endo-PF treatment also produced significant overexpression of microRNA predicted target genes nerve growth factor, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E synthase and overexpression of their downstream protein targets Mip1α and MCP1. This study showed similarities between miRNA regulation in PF from endometriotic women and ox-LDLs present in abundance in the PF of these women. Key miRNAs responsible for targeting nociceptive and inflammatory molecules were downregulated in the presence of ox-LDLs and endo-PF, thus playing a role in the etiology of endometriotic pain. These redox-sensitive miRNAs can be of potential use as targets in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain.
Topics: Adult; Ascitic Fluid; Cell Line; Endometriosis; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Lipoproteins; MicroRNAs; Middle Aged; Oxidation-Reduction; Pain; Young Adult
PubMed: 28499250
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.037 -
European Review For Medical and... May 2018To investigate the correlations of inflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and composition of bacterial flora in...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the correlations of inflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and composition of bacterial flora in the peritoneal fluid with infertility in endometriosis patients.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 55 patients diagnosed with endometriosis and infertility in the Gynecology Clinic of our hospital from June 2014 to July 2017 were selected as observation group, and another 30 non-endometriosis and non-infertility patients were enrolled as control group. The peritoneal fluid was extracted from patients in both groups, and the total white cell count and the percentage of leukocyte subset were determined. The total genome deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of microorganisms in peritoneal fluid was extracted, and the composition of microorganisms was analyzed using the Ion Torrent PGM platform (BGI). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α in peritoneal fluid were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the correlations of inflammatory factors in the peritoneal fluid with endometriosis complicated with infertility were analyzed via Logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The total white cell count, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils in endometriosis patients complicated with infertility were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). Results of ELISA showed that the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α in peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients complicated with infertility were significantly higher than those in control group (p<0.05). In peritoneal fluid of patients in both groups, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were mainly dominated, followed by Actinobacillus, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes, and there was no significant difference in the Eumycota between the two groups (p>0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that there were significant correlations of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α) with endometriosis complicated with infertility.
CONCLUSIONS
There are many kinds of Eumycota in the peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients complicated with infertility, but they are not the main pathogenic factors. Inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α) can be used as important reference indexes for the diagnosis of endometriosis complicated with infertility.
Topics: Adult; Ascitic Fluid; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Endometriosis; Female; Fertility; Humans; Infertility, Female; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-6; Middle Aged; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 29771400
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201805_14899 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... Jun 2010
Topics: Ascitic Fluid; Biomarkers; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Humans; Peritoneal Dialysis; Protein Array Analysis; Protein Interaction Mapping; Proteome; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 20348542
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq145 -
Fertility and Sterility Jan 2000To determine [1] vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis and compare them with those...
OBJECTIVE(S)
To determine [1] vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis and compare them with those from oral contraceptive (OC) users and normal cycling women and [2] any correlation between VEGF and IL-6 concentrations.
DESIGN
Controlled clinical study.
SETTING
University medical center.
PATIENT(S)
Patients undergoing laparoscopy for infertility or other benign gynecologic conditions.
INTERVENTION(S)
Peritoneal fluid samples were collected.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Levels of VEGF and IL-6 in peritoneal fluid were determined.
RESULT(S)
Compared with normal controls or women with less severe endometriosis (implant scores of 5 or less), women with more advanced endometriosis (implant scores of 6 or more) have elevated VEGF and IL-6 levels in peritoneal fluid. Compared with normal controls, markedly suppressed IL-6 but similar VEGF levels were found in peritoneal fluid from OC users. Neither VEGF nor IL-6 varied cyclically in normal women or those with endometriosis. There was no correlation between levels of VEGF and IL-6 in peritoneal fluid. There was no correlation between implant scores and VEGF or IL-6 levels.
CONCLUSION
The inflammation associated with endometriosis, through increased levels of peritoneal fluid VEGF, may promote angiogenesis for the progressive growth of endometriosis. Effective treatment of endometriosis by combination estrogen-progestin pills may involve the suppression of such inflammatory responses.
Topics: Ascitic Fluid; Contraceptives, Oral; Endometriosis; Endothelial Growth Factors; Female; Follicular Phase; Humans; Interleukin-6; Luteal Phase; Lymphokines; Reference Values; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
PubMed: 10632434
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00466-5 -
Fertility and Sterility May 1990Passive hemagglutination assay was used to evaluate endometrial antibodies in serum and peritoneal fluid of 37 patients with endometriosis and 54 patients without...
Passive hemagglutination assay was used to evaluate endometrial antibodies in serum and peritoneal fluid of 37 patients with endometriosis and 54 patients without endometriosis. The results showed that the concentration of antibody titers in serum and peritoneal fluid was significantly higher for endometriosis than control patients. The severity of endometriosis has no effect on antibody concentration. Furthermore, the concentration of endometrial antibody titers was significantly higher in serum than peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis. These results suggest that serum endometrial antibody assay is specific and valuable for the diagnosis and progress of endometriosis.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies; Ascitic Fluid; Blood; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 2332066
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)53534-1 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... May 1981
Topics: Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; Humans; Methods
PubMed: 6786531
DOI: No ID Found