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Genes Apr 2024Cell-free nucleic acids (cf-NAs) represent a promising biomarker of various pathological and physiological conditions. Since its discovery in 1948, cf-NAs gained... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cell-free nucleic acids (cf-NAs) represent a promising biomarker of various pathological and physiological conditions. Since its discovery in 1948, cf-NAs gained prognostic value in oncology, immunology, and other relevant fields. In peritoneal dialysis (PD), blood purification is performed by exposing the peritoneal membrane. Relevant sections: Complications of PD such as acute peritonitis and peritoneal membrane aging are often critical in PD patient management. In this review, we focused on bacterial DNA, cell-free DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), microRNA (miRNA), and their potential uses as biomarkers for monitoring PD and its complications. For instance, the isolation of bacterial DNA in early acute peritonitis allows bacterial identification and subsequent therapy implementation. Cell-free DNA in peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) represents a marker of stress of the peritoneal membrane in both acute and chronic PD complications. Moreover, miRNA are promising hallmarks of peritoneal membrane remodeling and aging, even before its manifestation. In this scenario, with multiple cytokines involved, mtDNA could be considered equally meaningful to determine tissue inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS
This review explores the relevance of cf-NAs in PD, demonstrating its promising role for both diagnosis and treatment. Further studies are necessary to implement the use of cf-NAs in PD clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Peritoneal Dialysis; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; DNA, Mitochondrial; Biomarkers; MicroRNAs; DNA, Bacterial; Peritonitis; Peritoneum
PubMed: 38790182
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050553 -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2021Here, Mesocestoides (M.) vogae infection in mice is proposed as a suitable experimental model for studying the immunity in the peritoneal cavity of mice.
BACKGROUND
Here, Mesocestoides (M.) vogae infection in mice is proposed as a suitable experimental model for studying the immunity in the peritoneal cavity of mice.
METHODS
To investigate the kinetics of immune parameters in M. vogae-infected mice, we detected, using flow cytometry, the expression of selected lymphoid and myeloid markers within the peritoneal cell population at day 0, 3, 6, 10, 14, 19, 25, 30 and 35 post-infection. Then, using ELISA, we analyzed the cytokine IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-10 responses and the levels of anti-M. vogae IgG and IgM antibodies in the peritoneal lavage fluid. Cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity were subjected to further molecular analysis. To assess cell activation, peritoneal cells were exposed to LPS, and culture supernatants were collected and assayed for the level of cytokines and production of nitrite. Ly6C+ and Ly6G+ cells were isolated using MACS from the peritoneal cells at day 35 post-infection. Both MACS-isolated subsets were co-cultured with preactivated T cells to measure their suppressive capacity. Next, the role of parasite excretory-secretory antigens in induction of CD11b+ myeloid cells with the suppressive phenotype and the production of IL-10 was examined.
RESULTS
In the peritoneal cavity an initial increase of CD11b+Gr-1+F4/80MHC II cells, NK, NKT cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells was observed in the first week of infection. At day 14 post-infection, an increase in the number of myeloid CD11b+Gr-1+ cells was detected, and most of this cell population expressed low levels of F4/80 and MHC II in later stages of infection, suggesting the impairment of antigen-presenting cell functions, probably through the excretory-secretory molecules. Moreover, we confirmed that peritoneal Gr1+ cells (Ly6C+ and Ly6G+ population) are phenotypically and functionally consistent with myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Metacestode infection elicited high levels of IL-10 and upregulated STAT-3 in peritoneal cells. A higher level of IgM suggests that this isotype may be predominant and is involved in the host protection.
CONCLUSIONS
Mesocestoides vogae tetrathyridia induced the recruitment of immunosuppressive cell subsets, which may play a key role in the downregulation of immune response in long-term parasitic diseases, and excretory-secretory antigens seem to be the main regulatory factor.
Topics: Animals; Cestode Infections; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Flow Cytometry; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Male; Mesocestoides; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Peritoneum
PubMed: 33461599
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04541-0 -
Korean Journal of Radiology Apr 2021The perihepatic space is frequently involved in a spectrum of diseases, including intrahepatic lesions extending to the liver capsule and disease conditions involving... (Review)
Review
The perihepatic space is frequently involved in a spectrum of diseases, including intrahepatic lesions extending to the liver capsule and disease conditions involving adjacent organs extending to the perihepatic space or spreading thanks to the communication from intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal sites through the hepatic ligaments. Lesions resulting from the dissemination of peritoneal processes may also affect the perihepatic space. Here we discuss how to assess the perihepatic origin of a lesion and describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of normal structures and fluids that may be abnormally located in the perihepatic space. We then review and illustrate the MRI findings present in cases of perihepatic infectious, tumor-related, and miscellaneous conditions. Finally, we highlight the value of MRI over computed tomography.
Topics: Abscess; Endometriosis; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Peritoneal Diseases; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33236541
DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0774 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established home care, cost-effective renal replacement therapy (RRT), which offers several advantages over the most used dialysis... (Review)
Review
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established home care, cost-effective renal replacement therapy (RRT), which offers several advantages over the most used dialysis modality, hemodialysis. Despite its potential benefits, however, PD is an under-prescribed method of treating uremic patients. Infectious complications (primarily peritonitis) and bio-incompatibility of PD solutions are the main contributors to PD drop-out, due to their potential for altering the functional and anatomical integrity of the peritoneal membrane. To improve the clinical outcome of PD, there is a need for biomarkers to identify patients at risk of PD-related complications and to guide personalized interventions. Several recent studies have shown that proteomic investigation may be a powerful tool in the prediction, early diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic monitoring of patients on PD. Indeed, analysis of the proteome present in PD effluent has uncovered several proteins involved in inflammation and pro-fibrotic insult, in encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis, or even in detecting early changes before any measurable modifications occur in the traditional clinical parameters used to evaluate PD efficacy. We here review the proteomic studies conducted thus far, addressing the potential use of such omics methodology in identifying potential new biomarkers of the peritoneal membrane welfare in relation to dialytic prescription and adequacy.
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Prognosis; Proteome; Proteomics; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 32752018
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155489 -
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and... 2022Impact of the secondary peritoneal infections on the peritoneal morphology in diabetic population remains unclear.
INTRODUCTION
Impact of the secondary peritoneal infections on the peritoneal morphology in diabetic population remains unclear.
AIM OF THE STUDY
To study the histopathological changes of the peritoneum due to secondary bacterial peritonitis in diabetic rats in compari-son to the normoglycemic animals.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
13 adult male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: control (n = 3) and experimental (n = 10). The latter was subdivided into non-diabetic (n = 5) and diabetic (n = 5). T1DM and peritonitis were induced through the single intraperitoneal injec-tion of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal injection of 2 ml of the faecal matter, respectively.
RESULTS
Macroscopic findings of diabetic rat peritoneum included significant accumulation of the exudate in the peritoneal cavity and presence of intraintestinal adhesions and abscesses. Morphology of the peritonium presented with diffuse, profound degenerative and inflammatory lesions involving the subjacent tissues. In contrast, the underlying muscular layer of the non-diabetic rats remained intact.
CONCLUSIONS
Natural course of the peritoneal infection in diabetic rats (48 hours) is characterised by diffuse severe peritonitis with inter-intestinal abscess formation and more profound subadjacent tissue involvement in comparison with non-diabetic rats.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Humans; Male; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 35112558
DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2022.112497 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Sep 2018
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adenosine Deaminase; Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; Biopsy; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Omentum; Peritoneum; Peritonitis, Tuberculous; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult
PubMed: 30231225
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1713168 -
Wounds : a Compendium of Clinical... Jun 2019Many patients with end-stage kidney disease prefer peritoneal dialysis (PD) to hemodialysis to replace kidney function1 but avoid PD due to fears of serious... (Review)
Review
Many patients with end-stage kidney disease prefer peritoneal dialysis (PD) to hemodialysis to replace kidney function1 but avoid PD due to fears of serious complications, such as peritonitis or catheter exit site and tunnel infections, which often have higher incidences than those recommended by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD). Factors that increase the risk of PD-related peritonitis include patient nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage, diabetes, advanced age, obesity, depression, cardiovascular disease, and catheter connection methods or exit site infection (ESI). A 2004 Cochrane systematic review reported 2 different significant effects of antimicrobial agents on patients receiving PD. One randomized clinical trial (RCT) on 2716 patients reported that, compared with placebo, intranasal mupirocin, bactericidal to S aureus, reduced PD catheter ESI and tunnel infections but not peritonitis rates. A meta-analysis of 4 RCTs on 335 patients revealed preoperative intravenous antibiotics reduced the incidence of early peritonitis, but it did not affect catheter ESI or tunnel infections. These results suggest peritonitis and ESI or tunnel infections are independent outcomes potentially responsive to different interventions. Herein, this Evidence Corner examines what can be learned about these 2 different PD-related infectious outcomes from an update3 to the earlier Cochrane review and a study of topical antimicrobial agents.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Infective Agents; Catheter-Related Infections; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis; Primary Prevention; Prognosis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Assessment; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31215869
DOI: No ID Found -
Peritoneal Dialysis International :... 2014Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with functional and structural changes of the peritoneal membrane, also known as peritoneal remodeling. The peritoneal membrane is... (Review)
Review
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with functional and structural changes of the peritoneal membrane, also known as peritoneal remodeling. The peritoneal membrane is affected by many endogenous and exogenous factors such as cytokines, PD fluids, and therapeutic interventions. Here, we present an overview of various studies that have investigated pharmacologic interventions aimed at regression of peritoneal damage and prolongation of PD treatment.
Topics: Humans; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneal Fibrosis; Peritoneum; Peritonitis
PubMed: 24525599
DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2011.00332 -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Mar 2010Peritonitis remains a frequent complication of peritoneal dialysis in children and is the most common reason for technique failure. The microbiology is characterized by... (Review)
Review
Peritonitis remains a frequent complication of peritoneal dialysis in children and is the most common reason for technique failure. The microbiology is characterized by a predominance of Gram-positive organisms, with fungi responsible for less than 5% of episodes. Data collected by the International Pediatric Peritonitis Registry have revealed a worldwide variation in the bacterial etiology of peritonitis, as well as in the rate of culture-negative peritonitis. Risk factors for infection include young age, the absence of prophylactic antibiotics at catheter placement, spiking of dialysis bags, and the presence of a catheter exit-site or tunnel infection. Clinical symptoms at presentation are somewhat organism specific and can be objectively assessed with a Disease Severity Score. Whereas recommendations for empiric antibiotic therapy in children have been published by the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis, epidemiologic data and antibiotic susceptibility data suggest that it may be desirable to take the patient- and center-specific history of microorganisms and their sensitivity patterns into account when prescribing initial therapy. The vast majority of patients are treated successfully and continue peritoneal dialysis, with the poorest outcome noted in patients with peritonitis secondary to Gram-negative organisms or fungi and in those with a relapsing infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catheter-Related Infections; Child; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis; Recurrence; Renal Insufficiency; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19190935
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-1113-6 -
California Medicine Apr 1949Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum most often occurs following ruptured peptic ulcer. In 80 to 85 per cent of cases of perforated ulcers, free intraperitoneal air is...
Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum most often occurs following ruptured peptic ulcer. In 80 to 85 per cent of cases of perforated ulcers, free intraperitoneal air is demonstrable. There have been reported three cases in which air was present without demonstrable cause, without peritoneal irritation or peritonitis. This presentation adds a fourth. Examination of a patient with acute disease of the abdomen should include not only a roentgenogram with the patient supine but films made in the left lateral decubitus position and/or upright position to demonstrate free air. The radiologist should be ready and willing to consult with the surgeon at the time of examination. Attention is called to a sign described recently by Rigler in supine films, namely, the visibility of both the inside and the outside of the intestinal lumen. Another sign in the supine film, namely the contrast of air against the peritoneal reflections, is described.
Topics: Abdomen; Abdominal Cavity; Acute Disease; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Peptic Ulcer; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Physical Examination; Pneumoperitoneum
PubMed: 18116231
DOI: No ID Found