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Frontiers in Immunology 2022Pernicious anemia (PA) is a megaloblastic anemia consisting of hematological, gastric and immunological alterations. The immunopathogenesis of PA is sustained by both...
Pernicious anemia (PA) is a megaloblastic anemia consisting of hematological, gastric and immunological alterations. The immunopathogenesis of PA is sustained by both autoantibodies (e.g. intrinsic factor (IFA) antibodies and anti parietal cell (PCA) antibodies and autoreactive T cells specific for IFA and the parietal cell proton pump ATPase. Iron deficient anemia (IDA) is a microcytic anemia and represents the most common cause of anemia worldwide. Our work aimed to investigate serum levels of several interleukins (IL) of the IL-20 cytokine subfamily in patients with PA, with IDA and in healthy subjects (HC). We compared serum levels of IL-19, IL-20, IL-26, IL-28A and IL-29 in 43 patients with PA and autoimmune gastritis, in 20 patients with IDA and no autoimmune gastritis, and in 47 HC. Furthermore, we analyzed the IL-19 cytokine production by gastric lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) in eight patients with PA and four HC. We found that patients with PA have significantly higher serum levels of IL-19 (163.68 ± 75.96 pg/ml) than patients with IDA (35.49 ± 40.97 pg/ml; p<0.001) and healthy subjects (55.68 ± 36.75 pg/ml; p<0.001). Gastric LPMC from all PA patients were able to produce significantly higher levels of IL-19 (420.67 ± 68.14 pg/ml) than HC (53.69 ± 10.92 pg/ml) (<0.01). Altogether, our results indicate that IL-19 serum levels are significantly increased in patients with PA but not with IDA and that IL-19 is produced in the stomach of PA patients. These data open a new perspective on PA pathogenesis and suggest that IL-19 may represent a novel important tool for the management of patients with PA.
Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Autoantibodies; Cytokines; Gastritis; Humans; Interleukins
PubMed: 35479078
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887256 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Apr 1998
Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
PubMed: 9527616
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199804023381416 -
Polish Archives of Internal Medicine Jan 2020Pernicious anemia (PA) is an autoimmune hematopoietic disease.
INTRODUCTION
Pernicious anemia (PA) is an autoimmune hematopoietic disease.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to determine autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of PA and the development of other autoimmune disorders such as connective tissue diseases and celiac disease. We also aimed to assess the potential usefulness of the specific diagnostic and screening tests in patients with PA.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study group comprised 124 women and men with newly diagnosed PA and 41 healthy controls. Intrinsic factor (IF) antibodies, gastric parietal cell (GPC) antibodies, endomysium antibodies (EmAs), and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were determined in blood samples.
RESULTS
IF or GPC antibodies were present in 61.3% of patients, GPC antibodies, in 46%, IF antibodies, in 30.6%, IF and GPC antibodies, in 15.3%. There was no difference in the occurrence of ANAs and EmAs between the PA and control groups. However, ANAs were found in 16.1% of patients with PA and in 4.9% of controls. The occurrence of EmAs in both groups was similar (3.2% vs 2.4%); however, it has been shown that patients with IF or GPC antibodies are more prone to be EmA positive (P = 0.009).
CONCLUSIONS
Simultaneous determination of IF and GPC antibodies increases the chances of confirming the diagnosis of PA. Also, screening for connective tissue diseases and celiac disease may be considered in patients with PA, due to the presence of ANAs and EmAs in that population.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies, Antinuclear; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 31813927
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.15094 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales 2015Pernicious anemia (also known as Biermer disease or anemia, Addison or Addisonian anemia, and Addison-Biermer anemia) is an autoimmune atrophic gastritis responsible for...
Pernicious anemia (also known as Biermer disease or anemia, Addison or Addisonian anemia, and Addison-Biermer anemia) is an autoimmune atrophic gastritis responsible for vitamin B12 malabsorption due to a deficiency of intrinsic factor. We report eight cases of pernicious anemia in Burkina Faso, collected over a 44-month period. The three criteria for diagnosis of pernicious anemia were: vitamin B12 deficiency, gastric disease (gastric histology) with presence of anti-intrinsic factor, and/or anti-gastric parietal cell antibodies in serum. All patients had anemia, with a mean hemoglobin level of 8.75 g/100 mL. The average mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 122.1 fL the average mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 39.3 pg, the mean reticulocyte count 12.069 10(9)/L reticulocytes, and the mean rate of megaloblast marrow cells 17.2%. The serum vitamin B12 level ranged from 35 to 71 pmol/L. Antibodies against intrinsic factor were found in all eight patients. All ABO blood groups were present with a predominance (4 cases) of group O. Endoscopy found a normal fundic mucosa in three patients. Histology showed gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia for six patients (85.7%). Under B12 vitamin therapy, the course was favorable in all patients; seven patients also had 10 days of iron therapy. We recommend a gastric biopsy even in the absence of macroscopic gastric lesions on the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Topics: Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Burkina Faso; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 25787024
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2014.0417 -
Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique Nov 2006Previous studies have suggested that iron deficiency could be due to atrophic gastritis of the body/fundus. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron...
INTRODUCTION
Previous studies have suggested that iron deficiency could be due to atrophic gastritis of the body/fundus. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency among patients with pernicious anemia and associated factors.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
All patients with pernicious anemia diagnosed at our institution between January 1990 and February 2005 were included. Inclusion criteria were: 1- histological diagnosis of atrophic fundic gastritis and 2- criteria of gastric autoimmune involvement. Histology of gastric biopsies was performed in a blinded manner. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin level<15 microg/L in women and<40 microg/L in men.
RESULTS
Ninety-five patients (69 women), mean age 60 years (range: 23-90) were included. Twenty patients (21.1%) had normal blood cell counts; 12 patients (12.6%) had microcytosis with or without anemia and 53 patients (55.8%) macrocytosis with or without anemia. Serum ferritin levels were measured in 58 patients, 16 (27.6%) of whom, all women, had iron deficiency. They were significantly younger (39.2 years) than patients without iron deficiency (61.6 years, P<0.0001). Serum gastrin levels did not differ between the groups with and without iron deficiency. A significantly more severe inflammatory infiltrate of the fundus and endocrine cell hyperplasia was observed in iron deficiency patients. Multivariate analysis showed that iron deficiency was linked to female gender and age<50 years.
CONCLUSION
Iron deficiency and microcytic anemia are not rare in patients with pernicious anemia and should not rule out the diagnosis. Iron deficiency does not appear to be related to the degree of atrophic fundic gastritis but is linked to female gender and young age, suggesting menstrual blood loss could play a role. Whether decreased iron absorption due to reduced acid secretion favors the expression of gynecological iron loss cannot be ascertained.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Anemia, Pernicious; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; France; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution
PubMed: 17185966
DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(06)73532-1 -
Annales de Biologie Clinique 2015The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency among patients with pernicious anemia. We realized a retrospective study from 2000 to 2010...
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency among patients with pernicious anemia. We realized a retrospective study from 2000 to 2010 including 55 patients suffering from pernicious anemia who were followed in Reims and Strasbourg university hospitals. Inclusion criteria were histological diagnosis of immune atrophic fundic gastritis and criteria of gastric autoimmuninty, and for which ferritin was measured. Iron deficiency is defined as serum ferritin level <20 μg/L in women and <30 μg/L in men. 45 (81.8%) patients were female. The mean age was 61 ± 17 years (range: 25/98).There was anemia in 32 patients (58.2%). Macrocytosis was noted, with or without anemia, in 30 patients (54.5%); microcytosis, with or without anemia, was noted in 8 (14.5%) patients. 17 patients (30.9%) had normal mean corpuscular volume. Vitamin B12 deficiency was objectived in 42 patients (76.4%) in our series. 16 patients (29%) had iron deficiency. 14 patients were female. They were significantly younger than female subjects without iron deficiency (p =0.004). In conclusion, iron deficiency is not rare in patients with pernicious anemia. It could be a complication of achlorhydria. We suggest a dosage of serum ferritin for all patients with pernicious anemia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Anemia, Pernicious; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 26411909
DOI: 10.1684/abc.2015.1056 -
Haematologica Nov 2020
Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Humans
PubMed: 33131236
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.271148 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Nov 1985In 1849 Thomas Addison described the clinical entity now known as pernicious anemia. In 1855 he reported several cases of adrenal insufficiency, or Addison's disease....
In 1849 Thomas Addison described the clinical entity now known as pernicious anemia. In 1855 he reported several cases of adrenal insufficiency, or Addison's disease. Considering the importance of these works, there remains a great deal of confusion about them. Contrary to what many historians have written, a review of Addison's original publications demonstrates a firm appreciation of the distinction between pernicious anemia and adrenal insufficiency, based particularly on the discoloration of the skin in these conditions. Three major sources of possible confusion for historians who are attempting to understand Addison's views include Addison's early attempts to link pernicious anemia with disease of the suprarenal capsules, Addison's redefinition of pernicious anemia in his monograph on adrenal disease, and several confusing statements made by Wilks and Daldy in the first reprint of Addison's monograph.
Topics: Addison Disease; Anemia, Pernicious; History, 19th Century; United Kingdom
PubMed: 3902186
DOI: No ID Found -
Endokrynologia Polska 2019The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of antibodies participating in the development of endocrine diseases in patients with autoimmune...
INTRODUCTION
The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of antibodies participating in the development of endocrine diseases in patients with autoimmune haematopoietic disease, thus documenting the potential suitability of specific diagnostic and screening tests.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study group consisted of 124 persons (men and women) with newly diagnosed pernicious anaemia (PA) and a control group (C) of 41 healthy people. Antibodies against: intrinsic factor (IFAb), gastric parietal cells (APCA), thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), thyroglobulin (TgAb), adrenal cortex (AdrenalAb), and pituitary anterior lobe (PituitaryAb) were determined in the blood.
RESULTS
1. The risk of the presence of antibodies against endocrine glands in patients with PA can be classified in order: TPOAb and/or TgAb - 41.1%, TPOAb - 36.3%, TgAb - 25.0%, TPOAb and TgAb - 20.2%, AdrenalAb - 1.6%, PituitaryAb - 0.8%. 2. TPOAb and/or TgAb (mainly TPOAb) are more frequently present in patients with PA, who have IFAb and/or APCA. This correlation is most evident in patients with simultaneous occurrence of IFAb and APCA. 3. Among patients with PA, the simultaneous presence of antibodies IFAb and/or APCA with TPOAb and/or TgAb antibodies is most likely in women over 45 years of age. 4. In group C, 12% had at least one of two antithyroid antibodies (TgAb twice as often as TPOAb), and 2.4% had both. AdrenalAb and PituitaryAb are not found in healthy persons.
CONCLUSIONS
In patients with PA, a screening for autoimmune thyroid disease is justified, which should first involve the determination of TPOAb (further TgAb) in the blood. The assessment of antithyroid antibodies should be recommended primarily to patients with PA, who have IFAb and/or APCA, and in particular those with concurrent IFAb and APCA.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies; Autoantibodies; Case-Control Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Iodide Peroxidase; Male; Middle Aged; Parietal Cells, Gastric; Thyroglobulin
PubMed: 30648728
DOI: 10.5603/EP.a2018.0086 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2009Pernicious anemia (PA) is a macrocytic anemia that is caused by vitamin B(12) deficiency, as a result of intrinsic factor deficiency. PA is associated with atrophic body... (Review)
Review
Pernicious anemia (PA) is a macrocytic anemia that is caused by vitamin B(12) deficiency, as a result of intrinsic factor deficiency. PA is associated with atrophic body gastritis (ABG), whose diagnosis is based on histological confirmation of gastric body atrophy. Serological markers that suggest oxyntic mucosa damage are increased fasting gastrin and decreased pepsinogen I. Without performing Schilling's test, intrinsic factor deficiency may not be proven, and intrinsic factor and parietal cell antibodies are useful surrogate markers of PA, with 73% sensitivity and 100% specificity. PA is mainly considered a disease of the elderly, but younger patients represent about 15% of patients. PA patients may seek medical advice due to symptoms related to anemia, such as weakness and asthenia. Less commonly, the disease is suspected to be caused by dyspepsia. PA is frequently associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (40%) and other autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (10%), as part of the autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome. PA is the end-stage of ABG. Long-standing Helicobacter pylori infection probably plays a role in many patients with PA, in whom the active infectious process has been gradually replaced by an autoimmune disease that terminates in a burned-out infection and the irreversible destruction of the gastric body mucosa. Human leucocyte antigen-DR genotypes suggest a role for genetic susceptibility in PA. PA patients should be managed by cobalamin replacement treatment and monitoring for onset of iron deficiency. Moreover, they should be advised about possible gastrointestinal long-term consequences, such as gastric cancer and carcinoids.
Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Gastritis, Atrophic; Helicobacter Infections; Humans; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 19891010
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5121