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Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses...
serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. However, less is known about the pathogenic characteristics and mechanism of . Gallinarum-induced systemic infection in chickens. In this study, we deleted the . Gallinarum UDP--acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene, which contributes to the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), and studied the pathogenicity of this ::Cm strain in a chicken model of systemic infection. The ::Cm mutant strain showed comparable growth but lower resistance to bile acid and nalidixic acid than the wild-type strain . In the oral infection model of chickens, the virulence of the ::Cm strain was significantly attenuated . Chickens infected with wild-type strain showed typical clinical signs and pathological changes of fowl typhoid and died between 6 and 9 days post-infection, and the bacteria rapidly disseminated to systemic organs and increased in the livers and spleens. In contrast, the ::Cm mutant strain did not cause chicken death, there were no significant clinical changes, and the bacterial numbers in the liver and spleen of the chickens were significantly lower than those of the chickens infected with the wild-type strain. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and CXCLi1 in the livers of ::Cm-infected chickens was significantly lower than that of the chickens infected with the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the attenuated ::Cm strain could persistently colonize the liver and spleen at low levels for up to 25 days post-infection and could induce a protective immune response in the chickens. These results indicate that the gene is an important virulence factor of . Gallinarum in the chicken model of systemic infection, and the avirulent ::Cm mutant could possibly be used as a live-attenuated vaccine strain for controlling fowl typhoid.
PubMed: 35694286
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.880932 -
Insects Jul 2022Tardigrades are small micrometazoans able to resist several environmental stresses in any stage of their life cycle. An integrated analysis of tardigrade specimens...
Tardigrades are small micrometazoans able to resist several environmental stresses in any stage of their life cycle. An integrated analysis of tardigrade specimens collected in Tsukuba (Japan) revealed a peculiar morphology and a new sensory field in the cloaca. Molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis on different genes (COI, ITS2, 18S and 28S) confirmed that this population is a new species, sp. nov., belonging to the widespread group. The stress resistance capabilities of sp. nov. have been tested by submitting animals to extreme desiccation, rapid freezing, and high levels of ultraviolet radiations (UVB and UVC). Animals were able to survive desiccation (survivorship 95.71 ± 7.07%) and freezing up to -80 °C (82.33 ± 17.11%). Both hydrated and desiccated animals showed a high tolerance to increasing UV radiations: hydrated animals survived to doses up to 152.22 kJ m (UVB) and up to 15.00 kJ m (UVC), while desiccated specimens persisted to radiations up to 165.12 kJ m (UVB) and up to 35.00 kJ m (UVC). Present data contribute to the discovery of a larger tardigrade biodiversity in Japan, and the tolerance capabilities of sp. nov. show that it could become a new emerging model for stress resistance studies.
PubMed: 35886811
DOI: 10.3390/insects13070634 -
Surgery Open Science Dec 2023Ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) are a complication of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) that increase length of stay, morbidity, and...
INTRODUCTION
Ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) are a complication of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) that increase length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. While identifying and treating infections early is paramount to improving patient outcomes, more and more data demonstrate limited courses of antibiotics improve outcomes. Prolonged (10-14 day) courses of antibiotics have remained the standard of care for pneumonia due to gram-negative bacilli (GNR). We aimed to review our GNR VAPs to assess risk factors for recurrent GNR infections.
METHODS
We reviewed trauma patients who developed VAP from 02/2019 through 05/2022. Demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes were reviewed with a focus on pneumonia details including the cultured pathogen(s), antibiotic(s) used, treatment duration, and presence of recurrent infections. We then compared single episode VAPs to multiple episode VAPs among patients infected by GNRs.
RESULTS
Eleven of the fifty trauma patients admitted to the ICU suffered a VAP caused by a GNR. Of these eleven patients, six experienced a recurrent infection, four of which were caused by and two of which were caused by . Among the patients who received ten days of antibiotic treatment, half suffered a recurrence. Although, there was no difference in the microbiology or antibiotic duration between the recurrences and single episodes.
CONCLUSION
Despite prolonged use of antibiotics, we found that the risk of recurrent or persistent infections was high among patients with VAP due to GNB. Further study is needed to determine optimal treatment to minimize the risk of these recurrences.
KEY MESSAGE
Ventilator-associated pneumonia due to gram-negative bacilli is a rare but high morbidity complication in intensive care units. Despite prolonged duration of therapy, these infections still appear to account for many recurrent infections and further study into optimal therapy is warranted.
PubMed: 37789948
DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2023.09.014 -
Journal of Indian Association of... 2017
PubMed: 28413311
DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.202685 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... 2018A high prevalence of colistin resistance among isolates in two intensive care units (ICU) (of 16 and 6 beds) using selective digestive decontamination (SDD) since 1990...
BACKGROUND
A high prevalence of colistin resistance among isolates in two intensive care units (ICU) (of 16 and 6 beds) using selective digestive decontamination (SDD) since 1990 instigated a retrospective and prospective investigation to quantify the role of clonal transmission. SDD is topical application of colistin and tobramycin and systemic use of cefotaxime during the first days of ICU-admission.
METHODS
Multi-resistant (MREb) was defined as ESBL production and/or tobramycin non-susceptibility and/or colistin non-susceptibility. Incidence of acquisition and prevalence of carriage with MREb was determined from microbiological culture results.
RESULTS
Colistin-resistant was first detected in November 2009 and carriage was demonstrated in 141 patients until October 2014. Mean incidence of MREb acquisition was 4.61 and 1.86 per 1000 days at risk in ICUs 1 and 2, respectively, and the mean monthly prevalence of MREb in both ICUs was 7.0 and 3.1%, respectively, without a discernible trend in time. Conversion rates from carriage of colistin-susceptible to resistant were 0.20 and 0.13 per 1000 patient days, respectively. Whole genome sequencing of 149 isolates revealed eight clusters, with the number of SNPs of the largest two clusters ranging between 0 and 116 for cluster 1 ( = 49 isolates), and 0 and 27 for cluster 2 ( = 36 isolates), among isolates derived between 2009 and 2014.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates a stable low-level endemicity of MREb in two Dutch ICUs with prolonged use of SDD, which was characterized by the persistent presence of two clusters, suggesting incidental clonal transmission.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacter cloacae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Tobramycin; Whole Genome Sequencing; beta-Lactam Resistance
PubMed: 29796252
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0356-7 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Jan 1938In the operation of vesical exclusion the urine stream is deviated from the urinary bladder into the colon, thereby forming a cloaca, or on to the surface of the skin,...
In the operation of vesical exclusion the urine stream is deviated from the urinary bladder into the colon, thereby forming a cloaca, or on to the surface of the skin, where a fistula discharging urine is created.The operation is indicated in all cases of complete or partial vesical exstrophy. It is successfully employed in treating severe cases of vesico-vaginal fistula, whether the result of obstetric injury or the delayed action of radium.In carcinoma of the urinary bladder, whether primary or secondary, it is practised, frequently preliminary to the operation of total cystectomy.In cases of persistent vesical systole and in intractable cystitis, it has also been occasionally done.The immediate operative mortality following transplantation of the ureters into the pelvic colon is largely dependent on the condition for which the operation is performed. In cases of malignant disease it is high: whereas in conditions that are non-malignant it is a relatively safe procedure.The establishment of a cloaca, particularly in the female, of itself produces no appreciable disability. If the operation has been performed for a congenital or an acquired deformity, and this has been skilfully and successfully carried out and the patient has become stabilized, the expectancy of life should not be appreciably diminished.The case of a patient, upon whom the operation had been performed twenty-nine years previously, is reviewed and particulars of others in which it was performed fourteen years ago, or later, are referred to.In the pre-operative preparation, in addition to the usual thorough clinical investigation, an examination by excretion urography is indicated, especially to determine the possible presence of a third ureter or a single functioning kidney. At this period it is also important, particularly in cases of obstetric injury, to be sure that the rectal sphincter is fully competent and that no haemorrhoids are present.The operative technique was carried out under twilight sleep and spinal anaesthesia. The vital importance of careful post-operative treatment is emphasized. By the immediate post-operative administration of sodium sulphate, by intravenous injection and attention to other details, bilateral ureteral transplantation carried out in one stage could be safely embarked upon without the fear of anuria developing.A detailed record of 60 cases, in which the operation of vesical exclusion has been carried out by the author is given.
PubMed: 19991381
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Urology : IJU :... Apr 2013A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of bladder occurring in a 36-year-old female with persistent cloacal anomaly who presented with frequency, urgency, dysuria, and...
A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of bladder occurring in a 36-year-old female with persistent cloacal anomaly who presented with frequency, urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infection is reported. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography with three dimensional reconstruction showed presence of bladder tumor and persistent cloaca. She underwent pelvic exenteration and wet colostomy. Histopathologic findings revealed locally advanced moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
PubMed: 23956519
DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.114039 -
Extent and Resistance Patterns of ESKAPE Pathogens Isolated in Pus Swabs from Hospitalized Patients.The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2022Antimicrobial resistance has persisted as a global threat with increasing associated numbers of morbidity and mortality. ESKAPE ( and spp.) were termed by the...
Antimicrobial resistance has persisted as a global threat with increasing associated numbers of morbidity and mortality. ESKAPE ( and spp.) were termed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America as a group of bacteria with rapid antibiotic resistance development. The aim of the study was to describe the extent and resistance patterns of ESKAPE pathogens isolated in pus swabs from patients admitted at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in August 2019. A total of 75 admitted patients with open wounds and surgical site infections were recruited. Files were analyzed to collect microbiology laboratory data and relevant patient data. A total of 76 clinically significant bacteria were isolated of which 52 bacteria were categorized as ESKAPE pathogens. The most common bacteria isolated were 25% ( = 19/76) and 17.1% A high level of antibiotic resistance was shown in all ESKAPE and non-ESKAPE pathogens. The Gram-negative bacteria of ESKAPE pathogens were further analyzed comparing 3 generation cephalosporin and carbapenems resistance patterns. showed the highest resistance towards 3 generation cephalosporin and carbapenems. In addition, showed high resistance to 3 generation cephalosporins with 89.5% resistance, with showing high resistance to carbapenems with 50.0% resistance. The burden of ESKAPE pathogens is high in pus swabs obtained from admitted patients at Muhimbili National Hospital. The results showed high antibiotic resistance within ESKAPE and non-ESKAPE pathogens including the "last resort" antibiotics: 3 generation cephalosporin and carbapenems.
PubMed: 36353409
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3511306 -
Journal of Medical Virology Apr 2022Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may manifest as a life-threatening...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may manifest as a life-threatening respiratory infection with systemic complications. Clinical manifestations among children are generally less severe than those seen in adults, but critical cases have increasingly been reported in infants less than 1 year of age. We report a severe case of neonatal COVID-19 requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation, further complicated by a multidrug-resistant Enterobacter asburiae super-infection. Chest X-rays, lung ultrasound, and chest computed tomography revealed extensive interstitial pneumonia with multiple consolidations, associated with persistent increased work of breathing and feeding difficulties. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in respiratory specimens and stools, but not in other biological samples, with a rapid clearance in stools. Serological tests demonstrated a specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody response mounted by the neonate and sustained over time. The therapeutic approach included the use of enoxaparin and steroids which may have contributed to the bacterial complication, underlying the challenges in managing neonatal COVID-19, where the balance between viral replication and immunomodulation maybe even more challenging than in older ages.
Topics: COVID-19; Critical Care; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lung; Neonatal Sepsis; SARS-CoV-2; Superinfection; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34812530
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27472 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022The urachus is an embryonic remnant occurring as a result of the involution of the allantoic duct and the ventral cloaca. This canal becomes progressively obliterated...
BACKGROUND
The urachus is an embryonic remnant occurring as a result of the involution of the allantoic duct and the ventral cloaca. This canal becomes progressively obliterated after birth. It uncommonly persists to different degrees after birth.
CASE DESCRIPTION
A young bull was presented with distended abdomen and clinical signs of chocking, with low-grade fever, loss of appetite, frothy mouth arched back. On the first inspection, the animal was suspected to have simple indigestion. The treatment was attempted in this stage by introducing a stomach tube but only little relief was achieved. Therefore, 5 days later, an exploratory laparotomy was done and a big balloon-like cyst structure extended ventro-latrally in the abdominal cavity was noticed. That structure was located on the floor of the abdominal cavity extending from the pelvic rim caudally to the umbilical region cranially. The structure was then incised and evacuated and a rubber tube was fixed for constant drainage for up to one month later. The bull was followed-up and made a good recovery after a month post-surgery.
CONCLUSION
We found that urachal abscess could be treated simply via surgical evacuation of the abscess and proper drainage for some time with a very promising outcome. Additionally, this affection can be diagnosed based on history, clinical signs, and exploratory surgery, when relatively modern diagnostic techniques are not available.
Topics: Male; Animals; Cattle; Abscess; Urachal Cyst; Conservative Treatment; Urachus; Diagnosis, Differential; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36589410
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i5.6