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BMC Psychiatry Jun 2021ADHD is a highly consequential disorder that is estimated to affect 2.5% of the adult population. Emerging models of psychopathology posit that disorders like ADHD can... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
ADHD is a highly consequential disorder that is estimated to affect 2.5% of the adult population. Emerging models of psychopathology posit that disorders like ADHD can be usefully situated within general models of individual differences in personality, such as those recently implemented in the DSM and ICD for the diagnosis of personality disorder. Previous research and systematic reviews have linked adult ADHD to the personality traits Conscientious Inhibition and Negative Emotionality. However, there have been some inconsistencies in the literature and research embedding ADHD-personality connections in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder models has been limited. The goal of this paper was to systematically review associations between adult ADHD and personality traits, organized within a maladaptive five factor framework.
METHOD
A comprehensive literature search yielded 13 papers whose effects were meta-analyzed.
RESULTS
Results supported associations between ADHD and low Conscientious Inhibition and high Negative Emotionality. However, interesting patterns of variability were observed, potentially related to issues such as instrumentation and facet variation.
CONCLUSION
Results support the clinical application of personality assessment for suggesting risk for ADHD symptoms, and point to important directions for further research.
Topics: Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 34074265
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03284-1 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Jul 2018Both normative personality and DSM-IV personality disorders have been found to be heritable. However, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which the genetic...
OBJECTIVE
Both normative personality and DSM-IV personality disorders have been found to be heritable. However, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which the genetic and environmental influences underlying DSM personality disorders are shared with those of normative personality. The aims of this study were to assess the phenotypic similarity between normative and pathological personality and to investigate the extent to which genetic and environmental influences underlying individual differences in normative personality account for symptom variance across DSM-IV personality disorders.
METHOD
A large population-based sample of adult twins was assessed for DSM-IV personality disorder criteria with structured interviews at two waves spanning a 10-year interval. At the second assessment, participants also completed the Big Five Inventory, a self-report instrument assessing the five-factor normative personality model. The proportion of genetic and environmental liabilities unique to the individual personality disorder measures, and hence not shared with the five Big Five Inventory domains, were estimated by means of multivariate Cholesky twin decompositions.
RESULTS
The median percentage of genetic liability to the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders assessed at wave 1 that was not shared with the Big Five domains was 64%, whereas for the six personality disorders that were assessed concurrently at wave 2, the median was 39%. Conversely, the median proportions of unique environmental liability in the personality disorders for wave 1 and wave 2 were 97% and 96%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that a moderate-to-sizable proportion of the genetic influence underlying DSM-IV personality disorders is not shared with the domain constructs of the Big Five model of normative personality. Caution should be exercised in assuming that normative personality measures can serve as proxies for DSM personality disorders when investigating the etiology of these disorders.
Topics: Adult; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Diseases in Twins; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Male; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Twins, Dizygotic; Twins, Monozygotic
PubMed: 29558815
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050493 -
The British Journal of Clinical... Mar 2021A considerable group of patients with anxiety disorders do not respond to guideline CBT treatment, possibly due to comorbid personality disorder (PD) traits. Schema...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
A considerable group of patients with anxiety disorders do not respond to guideline CBT treatment, possibly due to comorbid personality disorder (PD) traits. Schema therapy (ST) is an integrative treatment for personality disorders, and preliminary evidence suggests that it also affects anxiety. The present study examined the effects of a combination treatment ('SCHerp': ST + exposure and response prevention) in a non-responsive outpatient group suffering from chronic anxiety and comorbid cluster C personality disorder.
METHODS
Psychological malfunction (n = 42), and adaptive and maladaptive schema modes (n = 49) were assessed pre- and post-treatment.
RESULTS
Patients showed statistically significant decreases in psychological malfunction and maladaptive modes, and significant increases in adaptive modes from pre- to post-treatment. Changes in modes were correlated with changes in psychological malfunction.
LIMITATIONS
No control group or follow-up measurements were included.
CONCLUSIONS
The combination of ST and exposure with response prevention may be a viable avenue for research and treatment for this subpopulation. However, further research is needed to confirm and enhance effectiveness and identify working mechanisms of SCHerp.
PRACTITIONER POINTS
The SCHerp programme combines schema therapy with exposure and response prevention to tackle chronic anxiety in patients with comorbid personality disorder SCHerp significantly reduced psychological malfunction and maladaptive modes, and increased adaptive modes Changes in schema modes correlated with changes in psychological malfunction, suggesting that schema modes are an appropriate treatment target in this population No active control group was included so no therapy-specific factors can be determined at this stage.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Personality Disorders; Schema Therapy
PubMed: 33319395
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12271 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Jun 2021The concept of personality functioning (Alternative DSM-5 Model of Personality Disorders) has led to increased interest in dimensional personality disorder diagnosis.... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The concept of personality functioning (Alternative DSM-5 Model of Personality Disorders) has led to increased interest in dimensional personality disorder diagnosis. While differing markedly from the current categorical classification, it is closely related to the psychodynamic concepts of personality structure and personality organization. In this review, the three dimensional approaches, their underlying models, and common instruments are introduced, and empirical studies on similarities and differences between the concepts and the categorical classification are summarized. Additionally, a case example illustrates the clinical application.
RECENT FINDINGS
Numerous studies demonstrate the broad empirical basis, validated assessment instruments and clinical usefulness of the dimensional concepts. Their advantages compared to the categorical approach, but also the respective differences, have been demonstrated empirically, in line with clinical observations. Evidence supports the three dimensional concepts, which share conceptual overlap, but also entail unique aspects of personality pathology, respectively.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 34181116
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01250-y -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Oct 2004
Topics: Humans; Personality Disorders; Psychotherapy; Somatoform Disorders
PubMed: 15459277
DOI: 10.1177/0141076809701029 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research May 2024Unplanned reactive aggressive acts are a clinical feature of particular interest in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The early identification of...
INTRODUCTION
Unplanned reactive aggressive acts are a clinical feature of particular interest in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The early identification of personality traits correlated to aggressive behavior is certainly desirable in BDP populations. This study analyzes a clinical sample of 122 adult outpatients with BPD referred to Adult Mental Health Services of the Department of Mental Health of Bologna, in Italy.
METHODS
The study examines the relationship with personality facets of the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD), Personality Inventory for DSM (PID-5), with respect to the four main components of aggression measured by the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ): hostility, anger, verbal and physical aggression. Using robust regression models, the relationships between PID-5 facets and domains and the aggression components under consideration were identified.
RESULTS
Verbal and physical aggression in our sample of BPD outpatients is mainly associated to PID-5 antagonism domain. Physically aggressive behavior is also related to callousness facet.
CONCLUSIONS
The traits most consistently associated with aggression were the domain of Antagonism and the facet of Hostility. The study findings highlight the need for clinicians working with individuals with BPD to pay particular attention to traits of hostility, callousness, and hostility to understand aggression.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Borderline Personality Disorder; Aggression; Personality Disorders; Hostility; Anger; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 38593695
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.020 -
Psychiatria Polska Oct 2021Assessment of criterion validity and temporal stability of personality disorder diagnosis in adolescents and relationships between attachment styles and personality...
OBJECTIVES
Assessment of criterion validity and temporal stability of personality disorder diagnosis in adolescents and relationships between attachment styles and personality disorder diagnosis.
METHODS
50 adolescents (46 girls and 4 boys, aged 15-17) hospitalized at the department of child and adolescent psychiatry were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) and the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA). After one year, adolescents meeting the criteria for apersonality disorder (PD) diagnosis were reassessed with the SCID-II.
RESULTS
In the first stage of assessment, diagnostic criteriafor different types of personality disorders were met by 41 adolescents (82%) (mean number of criteria = 5.9). Criteria were met most often for borderline personality disorder (BPD) (n = 26; mean number of criteria = 7.9). In the second stage of assessment, the interview was re-administered to 21 (51%) adolescents; the mean number of criteria was = 6.6. A statistically significant relationship between the number of PD diagnostic criteria in assessment one and the number of criteria in assessment two was obtained (r = 0.58; p < 0.01). 82% of the participants with PD were insecurely attached to their mothers. In the borderline group, 83% of the participants reported anxious-avoidant attachment style.
CONCLUSIONS
PD traits in adolescence, specifically BPD, are stable across one year.
Topics: Adolescent; Borderline Personality Disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Personality Assessment; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 34997748
DOI: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/119778 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022Personality Disorders (PDs) are psychiatric conditions involving maladaptive personality traits and behaviours. Previous research has shown that musical preferences and... (Review)
Review
Personality Disorders (PDs) are psychiatric conditions involving maladaptive personality traits and behaviours. Previous research has shown that musical preferences and the use of music may be related to personality traits. Additionally, music therapy is increasingly being used as a treatment option for people with PDs. Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was undertaken using three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. The following search terms were used: PubMed: "personality disorder" AND (music OR "music therapy"); Web of Science (advanced search): TS = (personality disorder) AND TS = (music or "music therapy"); PsycInfo: "personality disorder" AND (music OR "music therapy"). A total of 24 studies were included in this review and summarised into four categories: music preference, music therapy, music performance, and music imagery, all in relation to PDs or traits associated with PDs. The analysis found that individuals with personality traits associated with PDs may prefer different types or genres of music or interact with music differently than those without these traits. Additionally, music therapy (MT) was found to offer a potentially useful treatment option for PDs. The power of these findings was limited by the small number of included studies. This review offers a useful foundation upon which further research looking at MT as a potential treatment option for PDs can be built.
Topics: Humans; Personality Disorders; Music; Music Therapy; Choice Behavior; Personality
PubMed: 36497510
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315434 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research 1995The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of comorbidity of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and personality disorders (PD). Two-hundred subjects were independently...
The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of comorbidity of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and personality disorders (PD). Two-hundred subjects were independently interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) and the Personality Disorder Examination (PDE) face-to-face by two experienced clinicians. One-hundred and forty-six also completed the Personality Diagnositc Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R). Rates of personality disorder among patients with and without anxiety disorders were determined by each of the three instruments. Comorbidity between panic disorder social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and simple phobia and a conservative estimate of individual Axis II disorders was examined. Results indicate that panic disorder, either current or lifetime, is associated with borderline, avoidant, and dependent personality disorders: social phobia is associated with avoidant personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders. Anxiety disorders with personality disorders are characterized by chronicity and lower levels of functioning compared with anxiety disorders without personality disorders.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Personality Assessment; Personality Disorders; Phobic Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 8748061
DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(95)00015-w -
Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki Mar 2023Patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD) have great difficulties with interpersonal relations. Their extreme difficulties with interpersonal relations are...
Patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD) have great difficulties with interpersonal relations. Their extreme difficulties with interpersonal relations are illustrated in psychic family interaction. Parents become the recipients of conflicts and patient's aggressive behaviour, while family stress increases due to suicidal tendency, self-injuries and substance abuse. The current report presents the introduction of group psychotherapy for parents of young adult patients with BPD, treated in a special unit of personality disorders at Eginition Hospital. The aim is, through the parallel group therapy of patients and their parents, to establish the conditions of continuing therapy for the patients as well as maintaining therapy outcomes and to construct a facilitating environment where the family's mental pain, anxieties, anger, shame, guilt and sadness can be contained. Clinical material from the first sessions of a 13-member parent group is presented to illustrate the resistances, the primitive defenses and the basic assumptions of dependency and fight-flight developing in therapeutic work with parents. Furthermore, the groups' split and hostile transference communications and the therapists' countertransference reactions are discussed. Τhe containing function of the group is described as a therapeutic process of transformation of the primitive anxieties and projective identifications, which is gradually established through the therapists' elaboration of their countertransference reactions and their tolerance to hostility and confusion. Containment facilitates the establishment of a group culture of empathic understanding for parents' unconscious resistances, denial of the illness and negative projections onto their child and the therapists, so that resistances gradually to be curbed and archaic projections to be transformed. Hence, the group is expected to function as a safe space to allow the manifestation and relief of destruction anxieties, and the expression of unuttered and intolerable emotions. Finally, the group as a mother-object is expected to be internalised as a model of positive parental care, enhancing the empathic and reflective ability of the parents so that they may repeat the parental role in a process of reparation.
Topics: Child; Humans; Borderline Personality Disorder; Psychotherapy; Psychotherapy, Group; Emotions; Parents
PubMed: 35477089
DOI: 10.22365/jpsych.2022.080