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Psychological Reports Dec 2022Despite putative gender differences in the expression of narcissism, prominent theories have virtually dismissed the role of females in the development and manifestation... (Review)
Review
Despite putative gender differences in the expression of narcissism, prominent theories have virtually dismissed the role of females in the development and manifestation of narcissism. The contention that narcissism is a pathology of the self that may partly differ in males and females is further evident in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The DSM-5 reports that up to 75% of those diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are men. Such figures suggest that the representation of narcissism as codified in the DSM-5 may only be marginally applicable to females, given its prominent focus and nature on capturing grandiose themes which closely resemble commonly masculine norms. The overemphasis on grandiose features extends to the empirical literature which defines narcissism as a normative personality trait and is widely assessed using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), on which males obtain significantly higher scores than females. As this review will demonstrate, one limitation frequently occurring in the literature is the attempt to comprehend narcissistic manifestations in females through the lens of what has commonly been defined as narcissism (DSM/NPI). In this review, the literature concerning the diagnostic assessment and conceptualisation of narcissistic personality disorder, aetiological factors, aggression, and partner violence perpetration will be discussed in relation to the importance of gender. This is followed by a review of existing gaps in theory and research, and suggestions for fruitful directions that can aid a richer and more meaningful literature on narcissism inclusive of gender issues.
Topics: Aggression; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Narcissism; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 34154472
DOI: 10.1177/00332941211027322 -
Personality Disorders May 2022Several psychiatric conditions (e.g., substance use, mood, and personality disorders) are characterized, in part, by greater delay discounting (DD)-a decision-making... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Several psychiatric conditions (e.g., substance use, mood, and personality disorders) are characterized, in part, by greater delay discounting (DD)-a decision-making bias in the direction of preferring smaller, more immediate over larger, delayed rewards. Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is highly comorbid with substance use, mood, and other personality disorders, suggesting that DD may be a process underpinning risk for NPD as well. This meta-analysis examined associations between DD and theoretically distinct, clinically relevant dimensions of narcissism (i.e., grandiosity, entitlement, and vulnerability). Literature searches were conducted and articles were included if they were written in English, published in a peer-reviewed journal, contained measures of DD and narcissism and reported their association, and used an adult sample. Narcissism measures had to be systematically categorized according to clinically relevant dimensions (Grijalva et al., 2015; Wright & Edershile, 2018). Seven studies met inclusion criteria ( = 2,705). DD was positively associated with narcissism ( = .21; 95% confidence interval [.10, .32]), with this association being largely attributable to measures of trait grandiosity that were used in each study ( = .24; 95% confidence interval [.11, .37]). No studies included diagnostic NPD assessments. These findings provide empirical evidence that DD is related to trait narcissism and perhaps risk for NPD (e.g., grandiosity listed in Criterion B of the Fifth Edition, alternative model of personality disorders). Considering the positive evidence from this review, and the dearth of research examining DD in individuals with NPD, investigators studying NPD may consider incorporating DD measures in future studies to potentially inform clinical theory and novel adjunctive treatment options. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Comorbidity; Delay Discounting; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Narcissism; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 34990195
DOI: 10.1037/per0000528 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Apr 2022Personality disorders can lead to difficult social or occupational functional processes rooted in chronic maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This study aimed...
Personality disorders can lead to difficult social or occupational functional processes rooted in chronic maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This study aimed to investigate factors of personality disorder in prisoners from the central prison of Sanandaj, Iran. We conducted a cross-sectional study, which included all prisoners in the central prison of Sanandaj, Iran. The study sample includes 343 prisoners, of which 329 were male, and 14 were female, selected by randomized multistage sampling method. Participants filled in Millon's multi-axis clinical questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Chi-square, multiple logistic regression, and bootstrap analysis. There were 183 participants without personality disorders (53.4%) and 99 participants (28.9%) with cluster B personality disorders (narcissistic, histrionic, anti-social, and borderline). Male gender (OR=0.07) and elementary education level (OR=0.18) have a significant relationship with cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal). Cluster B has a significant relationship only with the elementary education level (OR=0.27). Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder) has a significant relationship with male gender (OR=0.20), elementary education level (OR=0.30), unemployment (OR=2.64), theft crime types (OR=0.38) and disputes and assaults (OR=0.18). Based on these results, psychological and psychiatric interventions in prisoners are suggested.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iran; Logistic Models; Male; Personality Disorders; Prisoners
PubMed: 35646191
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0317 -
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Sep 2023Acquiring age-appropriate social skills, arguably a major prerequisite for favorable psychosocial development in children, is targeted in a range of interventions....
Acquiring age-appropriate social skills, arguably a major prerequisite for favorable psychosocial development in children, is targeted in a range of interventions. Hence, identifying factors that limit this acquisition may inform preventative and treatment efforts. Personality disorders are characterized by pervasive and enduring dysfunctional interpersonal functioning, including parenting, and could thus entail risk for offspring in not developing adaptive interpersonal skills. However, no study has tested this possibility. A representative sample drawn from two birth cohorts of Norwegian 4-year-olds (n = 956) and their parents was followed up at ages 6, 8, and 10 years. Parents' personality disorder symptoms were measured dimensionally with the DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire, and children's social skills were evaluated by the Social Skills Rating System. A difference-in-difference approach was applied to adjust for all unmeasured time-invariant confounders, and parental symptoms of depression and anxiety were entered as covariates. Increased Cluster B symptoms in parents of children aged 4 to 6 years predicted decreased social skill development in offspring (B = -0.97, 95% CI -1.58, -0.37, p = 0.002). On a more granular level, increased symptoms of borderline (B = -0.39, CI -0.65, -0.12, p = 0.004), histrionic (B = -0.55, CI -0.99, -0.11, p = 0.018), and avoidant (B = -0.46, CI-0.79, -0.13, p = 0.006) personality disorders in parents predicted decreased social skill development in offspring. Subclinical levels of borderline, histrionic and avoidant personality disorders in parents may impair the development of social skills in offspring. Successfully treating these personality problems or considering them when providing services to children may facilitate children's acquisition of social skills.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Social Skills; Prospective Studies; Child of Impaired Parents; Parents; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 35235044
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-01965-0 -
Journal of Personality Assessment Jul 2011The categorical-dimensional debate has catalyzed a wealth of empirical advances in the study of personality pathology. However, this debate is merely one articulation of... (Review)
Review
The categorical-dimensional debate has catalyzed a wealth of empirical advances in the study of personality pathology. However, this debate is merely one articulation of a broader conceptual question regarding whether to define and describe psychopathology as a quantitatively extreme expression of normal functioning or as qualitatively distinct in its process. In this article I argue that dynamic models of personality (e.g., object relations, cognitive-affective processing system) offer the conceptual scaffolding to reconcile these seemingly incompatible approaches to characterizing the relationship between normal and pathological personality. I propose that advances in personality assessment that sample behavior and experiences intensively provide the empirical techniques, whereas interpersonal theory offers an integrative theoretical framework, for accomplishing this goal.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Object Attachment; Personality; Personality Assessment; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 22804676
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2011.577477 -
Psychopathology 2020This paper reviews maladaptive trait development (DSM-5 Section III Criterion B), the development of DSM-5 Section II borderline personality disorder, and research on... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews maladaptive trait development (DSM-5 Section III Criterion B), the development of DSM-5 Section II borderline personality disorder, and research on the development of identity, self-direction, empathy/mentalizing, and intimacy (DSM-5 Section III Criterion A). Combined, these previously disparate literatures begin to point to an integrated developmental theory of personality pathology, which suggests that Criterion A concepts (identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy) coalesce around the development of self, marking a discontinuous (qualitative) developmental shift. This developmental shift is a function of the demands placed on individuals to take on independent adult role function, combined with biologically-based maturational cognitive and emotional advances during adolescence. Section II personality disorder ensues when an integrated and coherent sense of self fails to develop, resulting in nonfulfilment of adult role function. In this sense, Criterion A self function can account for the onset of Section II personality disorder in adolescence, while Criterion B provides a useful descriptive account of continuous aspects of personality function over time.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 32464626
DOI: 10.1159/000507588 -
Current Opinion in Psychiatry Jan 2008To review the most recent literature on the relationship between personality disorders and violent behavior. The review does not aim to address the issue of a possible... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review the most recent literature on the relationship between personality disorders and violent behavior. The review does not aim to address the issue of a possible etiological connection between previously being the victim of violent acts and later developing a personality disorder.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent data suggest that personality disorders, especially antisocial and borderline, are strongly related to the manifestation of violent acts. Substance abuse is another strong factor which could act either independently or additively. Biological factors seem to constitute a risk factor for violent behavior independently of personality. Although intelligence does not seem to be related to violence, some patients may manifest specific cognitive deficits. The ethical and legal questions posed by the above correlations are difficult to answer, and research has not yet provided enough data on this issue.
SUMMARY
The most recent data support the relationship between antisocial personality and violence, especially when substance abuse is also present, although the presence of confounding factors in the diagnostic criteria suggest caution in the interpretation of the literature.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Borderline Personality Disorder; Child; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Domestic Violence; Female; Homicide; Humans; Male; Personality Disorders; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Sex Offenses; Violence
PubMed: 18281846
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f31137 -
Personality Disorders Jan 2023We critique the general state of methodological rigor in contemporary personality pathology research, focusing on challenges in study design, assessment, and data... (Review)
Review
We critique the general state of methodological rigor in contemporary personality pathology research, focusing on challenges in study design, assessment, and data analysis resulting from two pervasive problems: comorbidity and heterogeneity. To inform our understanding of this literature, we examined every article published in the two main specialty journals for personality pathology research- and the -in the 18-month period from January 2020 to June 2021 (a total of 23 issues and 197 articles). Our review of this database indicated that only three forms of personality pathology have generated substantial attention in the recent literature: borderline personality disorder (featured in 93 articles), psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder (39 articles), and narcissism/narcissistic personality disorder (28 articles), so we highlight them in our review. We discuss comorbidity-related problems that arise from group-based designs and recommend instead that researchers assess multiple forms of psychopathology as continuous dimensions. We offer separate recommendations for addressing heterogeneity in diagnosis- versus trait-based studies. For the former, we recommend that researchers (a) use measures that permit criterion-level analyses and (b) routinely report criterion-level results. For the latter, we emphasize the importance of examining specific traits when measures are known to be highly heterogeneous/multidimensional. Finally, we encourage researchers to work toward a truly comprehensive trait dimensional model of personality pathology. We suggest that this might include expanding the current alternative model of personality disorders to include additional content related to borderline features, psychopathy, and narcissism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Personality Disorders; Personality; Comorbidity; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Psychopathology
PubMed: 36848072
DOI: 10.1037/per0000586 -
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology Dec 2021According to the literature, avoidant personality disorder (APD) is often overlooked in research on personality disorders. In the present study, patients with APD were...
According to the literature, avoidant personality disorder (APD) is often overlooked in research on personality disorders. In the present study, patients with APD were compared to patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with respect to emotional dysfunction. Emotional dysfunction was operationalized through the Affect Integration Inventory. Sixty-one patients receiving treatment at specialized outpatient hospital facilities for either BPD (n = 25) or APD (n = 36) (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition) were included in a cross-sectional study. Supporting our expectations of no difference in the global capacity for affect integration between groups, the estimated difference was 0.00 (95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.53, 0.53]). On the other hand, the expected increased dysfunction in APD regarding Expression could not be confirmed. Furthermore, problems with specific affects distinguished the groups; integration of Interest was worse in APD (p = 0.01), whereas integration of Jealousy was worse in BPD (p = 0.04). In terms of prototypical modes of experiencing affects, APD was characterized by decreased access to the motivational properties of Interest (p < 0.01), while BPD was more driven by Interest (p < 0.01), Anger (p < 0.01), and Jealousy (p = 0.01). In conclusion, even though the two disorders are characterized by similar overall levels of emotional dysfunction, they differ systematically and predictably regarding specific affects and modes of experiencing. These findings carry implications for the understanding of emotional dysfunction in APD and BPD, suggesting specific areas of emotional dysfunction that could be targeted in tailored psychotherapeutic interventions.
Topics: Borderline Personality Disorder; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 34523729
DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12771 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jan 2022ICD-11 introduces a new diagnosis of complex PTSD and a fundamentally new approach to personality disorders. The two diagnoses share substantial features including... (Review)
Review
ICD-11 introduces a new diagnosis of complex PTSD and a fundamentally new approach to personality disorders. The two diagnoses share substantial features including impairment of self and interpersonal functioning and emotional dysregulation. This review outlines the overlap and boundaries between ICD-11 definitions of Complex PTSD and Personality Disorder. A set of principles related to trauma, onset, emotion dysregulation, self and interpersonal functioning, and dissociative and psychotic-like states are put forward to guide practitioners.
Topics: Dissociative Disorders; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Personality Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 35088694
DOI: No ID Found