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Journal of Abnormal Psychology Jan 2016Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) are frequently co-occurring psychiatric disorders with symptomatology related to fear of social...
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) are frequently co-occurring psychiatric disorders with symptomatology related to fear of social situations. It is uncertain to what degree the 2 disorders reflect the same genetic and environmental risk factors. The current study addresses the stability and co-occurrence of SAD and AvPD, the factor structure of the diagnostic criteria, and genetic and environmental factors underlying the disorders at 2 time points. SAD and AvPD were assessed in 1,761 young adult female twins at baseline and 1,471 of these approximately 10 years later. Biometric models were fitted to dimensional representations of SAD and AvPD. SAD and AvPD were moderately and approximately equally stable from young to middle adulthood, with increasing co-occurrence driven by environmental factors. At the first wave, approximately 1 in 3 individuals with AvPD had SAD, increasing to 1 in 2 at follow-up. The diagnostic criteria for SAD and AvPD had a two-factor structure with low cross-loadings. The relationship between SAD and AvPD was best accounted for by a model with separate, although highly correlated (r = .76), and highly heritable (.66 and .71) risk factors for each disorder. Their genetic and environmental components correlated .84 and .59, respectively. The finding of partially distinct risk factors indicates qualitative differences in the etiology of SAD and AvPD. Genetic factors represented the strongest time-invariant influences, whereas environmental factors were most important at the specific points in time.
Topics: Adult; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Personality Disorders; Phobia, Social; Registries; Twins; Young Adult
PubMed: 26569037
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000124 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Jan 2022People with personality disorders (PDs) have an elevated suicide risk. However, correlates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) remain largely unknown in...
INTRODUCTION
People with personality disorders (PDs) have an elevated suicide risk. However, correlates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) remain largely unknown in this population. A growing body of literature highlights the contribution of the Big Five personality traits in suicide-outcomes. Therefore, the present study investigates the association between the Big Five personality traits and SI and SA in people with PDs while applying the ideation-to-action framework.
METHOD
Data were obtained from 105 treatment-seeking individuals diagnosed with PDs participating in the Trauma tO Personality Spectrum Study (TOPSS). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and the three category suicide-outcome: non-suicidal, SI, and SA.
RESULTS
After controlling for age, gender, a comorbid depressive disorder, the severity of borderline manifestations, and other personality traits from the Big Five taxonomy, significantly lower levels of extraversion were observed in participants with SI compared to non-suicidal participants (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.10-0.72) but not in SA participants. In contrast, higher levels of extraversion were associated with SA when compared to SI (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.33-9.32). Other Big Five traits were not independently associated with suicide-outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
Of the Big Five traits, the introversion-extraversion dimension most clearly distinguishes individuals with SI from non-suicidal individuals, as well as those with a SA in the past from those with SI only. Prospective studies are required to investigate if this personality trait can predict the progression from being non-suicidal to having SI and from having SI to performing an attempt.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 34763292
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152284 -
Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica : a... Mar 2024This paper aims to describe Roger Mulder's presentation on borderline personality disorder organized by the 23rd World Congress of Psychiatry, supplemented with relevant...
AIMS
This paper aims to describe Roger Mulder's presentation on borderline personality disorder organized by the 23rd World Congress of Psychiatry, supplemented with relevant research results.
METHODS
Mulder presents the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder, its comorbidity, therapeutic considerations and the phenomenon of stigmatization related to the disorder.
RESULTS
According to Mulder, the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder are vague and it shows a very high comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Mulder draws attention to the fact that it was not possible to identify a borderline factor in previous research because the borderline symptoms disappeared during the analysis in a general ("g") personality disorder factor. According to Mulder, there is no specific psychotherapy that is effective only in borderline personality disorder, and the pharmacological treatment has also not proven to be effective in treating the core symptoms of borderline personality disorder. According to Mulder, the stigma associated with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder hinders the recognition and treatment of other psychiatric or somatic difficulties of patients.
CONCLUSION
according to Mulder, based on modern scientific standards, borderline personality disorder has no place in the classification, however, specialists still insist on the diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Borderline Personality Disorder; Personality Disorders; Psychotherapy; Comorbidity; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 38603553
DOI: No ID Found -
Experimental and Clinical... Dec 2021Our main aim was to estimate the extent of overlapping etiology between caffeine consumption and response and normative and pathological personality. Linear...
Our main aim was to estimate the extent of overlapping etiology between caffeine consumption and response and normative and pathological personality. Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify normative personality domains and personality disorder (PD) traits for inclusion in multivariate twin analyses together with individual caffeine related measures. Data were obtained from Norwegian adult twins in a face-to-face interview conducted in 1999-2004 as part of a population-based study of mental health and through self-report in 2010-2011 and 2015-2017. Personality disorder data was available for 2,793 twins, normative personality for 3,889 twins, and caffeine for 3,862 twins (mean age 43.0 years). Normative personality was assessed using the self-reported Big Five Inventory, PD traits were assessed by the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality, and caffeine consumption, toxicity, tolerance, and withdrawal were assessed through a self-report questionnaire developed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Caffeine measures were found to be moderately heritable, h2 = 30.1%-45.0%. All normative personality domains and four PD traits, antisocial, borderline, dependent and paranoid, were significantly associated with at least one caffeine variable. A small proportion of variance in caffeine consumption was attributable to genetic factors shared with normative personality (1.3%) and personality disorders (11.4%). A modest proportion of variance in caffeine tolerance and toxicity was attributable to genetic factors shared with both normative personality (26.9%, 24.8%) and personality disorders (21.0%, 36.0%). The present study found caffeine consumption and response to be heritable and provides evidence that a small to-modest proportion of this genetic etiology is shared with both normative and pathological personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Caffeine; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 33252959
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000429 -
Journal of Personality Disorders Feb 2010The results of three rigorous studies of the naturalistic course of personality disorders indicate the following: (1) personality psychopathology improves over time at... (Review)
Review
The results of three rigorous studies of the naturalistic course of personality disorders indicate the following: (1) personality psychopathology improves over time at unexpectedly significant rates; (2) particular maladaptive personality traits are more stable than personality disorder diagnoses; (3) although personality psychopathology improves, residual effects are usually seen in the form of persistent functional impairment and ongoing Axis I psychopathology; and (4) improvement in personality psychopathology may eventually be associated with reduction in ongoing personal and social burden. A comparison of the longitudinal stability of personality disorders and mood disorders does not support a clear distinction between them based on differential stability of either psychopathology (at least based on remission rates) or functional impairment. Differences may yet emerge with respect to relapse rates over the longer term. Both types of disorders may share some common underlying vulnerabilities best conceptualized in term of personality traits. A group of promising, though methodologically flawed, family studies suggest familiality of at least BPD among the personality disorders and the coaggregation of BPD and depressive disorders (but not bipolar disorders) that may contribute to their frequent co-occurrence. Again, underlying personality traits may prove to be more heritable than either type of disorder.
Topics: Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mood Disorders; Personality Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Recurrence; Remission Induction
PubMed: 20205500
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2010.24.1.83 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Jun 2018Methodological advances enable the latest research on personality pathology in later life to turn toward understanding the role personality pathology plays in... (Review)
Review
Methodological advances enable the latest research on personality pathology in later life to turn toward understanding the role personality pathology plays in age-related outcomes. Despite indications that some features of personality disorders fade in later life, a prevalence rate of approximately 10 percent has been established for adults aged 50 or older. Personality disorder features have been linked to suicidal ideation, poorer physical health, and cognitive decline in later life. Given these associations, the literature on treatment of personality disorders in this age group is surprisingly scant. Future research needs to address this lack in order to provide guidelines for the use of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders with older adults.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Health Status; Humans; Middle Aged; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 29073530
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.013 -
Psychiatry Research Nov 2018Both childhood malnutrition and maltreatment are associated with mental health problems that can persist into adulthood. Previously we reported that in Barbados, those...
Both childhood malnutrition and maltreatment are associated with mental health problems that can persist into adulthood. Previously we reported that in Barbados, those with a history of infant malnutrition were more likely to report having experienced childhood maltreatment. Few studies, however, address the long-term outcomes of those who have been exposed to both. We assessed the unique and combined associations of a history of early malnutrition and childhood maltreatment with personality pathology in mid-adulthood in participants of the 47-year longitudinal Barbados Nutrition Study. We used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis II Personality Disorders Personality Questionnaire (SCID-II-PQ) and NEO Personality Inventory-Revised derived Five-Factor Model (NEO PI-R FFM) personality disorder (PD) scores to assess personality pathology, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) to assess childhood maltreatment, and clinical documentation of malnutrition in infancy. We tested the associations of malnutrition and maltreatment with PD scores using linear regression models, unadjusted and adjusted for other childhood adversities. We found increased scores for paranoid, schizoid, avoidant, and dependent PDs among those who had been malnourished and increased scores for paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and avoidant PDs among those with higher childhood maltreatment scores. Overall, those exposed to both adversities had even greater PD scores.
Topics: Adult; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Barbados; Child; Child Abuse; Female; Humans; Male; Malnutrition; Personality Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 30172187
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.085 -
Journal of Personality Disorders Oct 2021It is common for people with mental health problems to report feelings of emptiness. However, the association of subjective emptiness with specific disorders and its...
It is common for people with mental health problems to report feelings of emptiness. However, the association of subjective emptiness with specific disorders and its unique role within dimensional taxonomies of personality pathology is not well understood. The present study assesses the transdiagnostic value of subjective emptiness using a recently developed self-report measure in a mixed sample of 157 participants. The authors investigated the associations of emptiness with clinically relevant variables, including borderline personality disorder symptoms, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Subjective emptiness showed strong positive relationships with all criteria. Regression models controlling for impairments of personality functioning, maladaptive personality traits, and current symptom distress supported the incremental validity of emptiness for specific disorder constructs and suicidality. These findings indicate that emptiness represents a facet of psychopathology that can be particularly useful for the classification of mental disorders, and in particular internalizing disorders involving self-dysfunction and detachment.
Topics: Anxiety Disorders; Borderline Personality Disorder; Humans; Personality Disorders; Psychopathology; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 33661017
DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2021_35_510 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Feb 2020The aim of the paper is reviewing recent literature on the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of personality disorders (PDs) among older adults (≥ 60 years). (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The aim of the paper is reviewing recent literature on the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of personality disorders (PDs) among older adults (≥ 60 years).
RECENT FINDINGS
Since 2015, 12 primary empirical studies have been published addressing PDs in older adults; 3 addressing epidemiological aspects, 6 on assessment, 2 exploring both epidemiology and assessment, and 1 examining treatment. PD research in older adults is steadily growing and is predominantly focused on assessment. The studies showed that PDs were rather prevalent ranging from 10.6-14.5% in community-dwelling older adults, to 57.8% in nursing home-residing older adults. The Severity Indices of Personality Problems-Short Form, Gerontological Personality disorders Scale, and Assessment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders turned out to be promising instruments for assessing PDs in later life. Furthermore, schema therapy seems to be a feasible and effective intervention. Despite promising findings, there is an urgent need for studies addressing PDs in older adults, especially studies investigating epidemiological aspects and treatment options. Furthermore, new areas of interest arise such as PDs in other settings, and behavioral counseling.
Topics: Aged; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality Assessment; Personality Disorders; Prevalence; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 32025914
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-1133-x -
Personality Disorders Sep 2022Dimensional models of personality, such as the five-factor model (FFM), have demonstrated strong coherence with the presentation of personality disorders, including...
Dimensional models of personality, such as the five-factor model (FFM), have demonstrated strong coherence with the presentation of personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Given that select personality trait elevations have been linked to impairments in multiple life domains across diagnostic groups, we sought to replicate findings from a previous investigation of the utility of the FFM in predicting BPD-relevant outcomes (i.e., negative affect intensity and instability, impulsivity, and interpersonal disagreements) in the daily lives of those with BPD (Hepp et al., 2016) and community participants. As interpersonal context is instrumental in determining the strength of effects observed in studies examining individuals with BPD, we utilized ecological momentary assessment across 3 weeks (6 times daily; n = 15,889) to test whether close social contact (CSC) would moderate the effects of personality on momentary outcomes. Overall, results suggest that CSC is an important moderator between the effects of personality and daily life outcomes for individuals with BPD (N = 56), but not for community individuals (N = 60). For individuals with BPD, CSC may function as both a protective buffer and a risk factor, depending on outcome. For example, CSC attenuates experience of negative affect intensity for individuals with elevated neuroticism, but CSC may predict more frequent disagreements for individuals who report lower agreeableness. We replicated approximately half of the original study's findings, and results support that FFM personality is predictive of BPD-relevant outcomes broadly. However, interpersonal context is key to understanding these relationships for individuals with BPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Borderline Personality Disorder; Ecological Momentary Assessment; Humans; Neuroticism; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 34618505
DOI: 10.1037/per0000513