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Toxins Jan 2021The adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, is one of the key virulent factors produced by , the causative agent of whooping cough. This toxin primarily targets innate immunity... (Review)
Review
The adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, is one of the key virulent factors produced by , the causative agent of whooping cough. This toxin primarily targets innate immunity to facilitate bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract. CyaA exhibits several remarkable characteristics that have been exploited for various applications in vaccinology and other biotechnological purposes. CyaA has been engineered as a potent vaccine vehicle to deliver antigens into antigen-presenting cells, while the adenylate cyclase catalytic domain has been used to design a robust genetic assay for monitoring protein-protein interactions in bacteria. These two biotechnological applications are briefly summarized in this chapter.
Topics: Adenylate Cyclase Toxin; Animals; Bioengineering; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Protein Engineering; Two-Hybrid System Techniques; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 33499260
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020083 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Mar 1989
Comparative Study
Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Pertussis Vaccine; Risk Factors; United Kingdom; United States; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 2735038
DOI: No ID Found -
Pathogens and Disease Nov 2015Current acellular pertussis vaccines have various shortcomings, which may contribute to their suboptimal efficacy and waning immunity in vaccinated populations. This... (Review)
Review
Current acellular pertussis vaccines have various shortcomings, which may contribute to their suboptimal efficacy and waning immunity in vaccinated populations. This calls for the development of new pertussis vaccines capable of inducing long-lived protective immunity. Immunization with whole cell pertussis vaccines and natural infection with Bordetella pertussis induce distinct and more protective immune responses when compared with immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines. Therefore, the immune responses induced with whole cell vaccine or after infection can be used as a benchmark for the development of third-generation vaccines against pertussis. Here, we review the literature on the immunology of B. pertussis infection and vaccination and discuss the lessons learned that will help in the design of improved pertussis vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella pertussis; Drug Discovery; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccines, Acellular; Vaccines, Inactivated; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 26347400
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv067 -
Microbes and Infection Jul 2001Bordetella pertussis exploits extracellular and intracellular niches in the respiratory tract and a variety of immune evasion strategies to prolong its survival in the... (Review)
Review
Bordetella pertussis exploits extracellular and intracellular niches in the respiratory tract and a variety of immune evasion strategies to prolong its survival in the host. This article reviews evidence of complementary roles for cellular and humoral immunity in protection. It discusses the effector mechanisms of bacterial elimination, the strategies employed by the bacteria to subvert protective immune responses and the immunological basis for systemic and neurological responses to infection and vaccination.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Mice; Pertussis Vaccine; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 11445452
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01421-6 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2020Pertussis is a debilitating vaccine-preventable infection. The aim of this study was to determine susceptibility and exposure to pertussis in Lao PDR in different age...
OBJECTIVES
Pertussis is a debilitating vaccine-preventable infection. The aim of this study was to determine susceptibility and exposure to pertussis in Lao PDR in different age groups and subpopulations.
METHODS
A total 3072 serum samples were obtained from different cohorts: children with documented vaccination, pre-schoolers, schoolchildren, blood donors, healthcare workers (HCWs), and pregnant women and paired cord blood. Samples were tested for anti-pertussis toxin IgG antibodies. A history of Bordetella pertussis exposure was defined according to antibody titres. Four hundred and seventy-five throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates were analysed by PCR for the presence of B. pertussis in symptomatic children at the Children's Hospital in Vientiane.
RESULTS
Overall pertussis seroprevalence was 57.5%. The prevalence of titres indicating acute infection or recent vaccination or infection/vaccination within the last 12 months ranged from 7.4% (100/1356) in adults to 21.4% (25/117) in pre-schoolers (age 1-5 years). B. pertussis was detected in 1.05% (5/475) of children with respiratory symptoms in Vientiane Capital.
CONCLUSIONS
It is suggested that routine childhood vaccination, in particular outreach, as well as vaccination of HCWs should be strengthened. A childhood booster and vaccination of pregnant mothers should be considered. There is also a need to improve reporting and to introduce pertussis testing in at least one central facility.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella pertussis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Fetal Blood; Health Personnel; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Laos; Male; Middle Aged; Pertussis Vaccine; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Whooping Cough; Young Adult
PubMed: 32278108
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.074 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Despite the high coverage of pertussis vaccines in high-income countries, pertussis resurgence has been reported in recent years, and has stimulated interest in the...
Despite the high coverage of pertussis vaccines in high-income countries, pertussis resurgence has been reported in recent years, and has stimulated interest in the effects of vaccines and vaccination strategies. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against pertussis toxoid (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN) after immunization with four doses of co-purified or component vaccines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serological data of PT-IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) over time since vaccination were used to fit the mathematical models. A total of 953 children were included in this study; 590 participants received four doses of the component acellular vaccine and 363 participants received four doses of the co-purified acellular vaccine. The GMCs and the seropositivity rate of pertussis IgG were significantly influenced by the production methods, and the immunogenicity of the component acellular vaccine was superior to that of the co-purified acellular vaccine. The fitted mathematical models for the component acellular vaccine and the co-purified acellular vaccine were Y=91.20e and Y=37.71x, respectively. The initial GMCs of the component acellular vaccine was higher than that of the co-purified acellular vaccine, but both were similar at 72 months after immunization. Pertussis IgG levels waned over time after four doses of acellular pertussis vaccine, regardless of whether component or co-purified vaccine was used. The development and promotion of component acellular pertussis vaccines should be accelerated in China, and booster doses of pertussis vaccine in adolescents, adults, and pregnant women should be employed.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Child; Female; Adolescent; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Whooping Cough; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Vaccines, Combined; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccines, Acellular; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 36685526
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1055677 -
Pathogens and Disease Nov 2015While it is clear that the maintenance of Bordetella pertussis-specific immunity evoked both after vaccination and infection is insufficient, it is unknown at which pace... (Review)
Review
While it is clear that the maintenance of Bordetella pertussis-specific immunity evoked both after vaccination and infection is insufficient, it is unknown at which pace waning occurs and which threshold levels of sustained functional memory B and T cells are required to provide long-term protection. Longevity of human cellular immunity to B. pertussis has been studied less extensively than serology, but is suggested to be key for the observed differences between the duration of protection induced by acellular vaccination and whole cell vaccination or infection. The induction and maintenance of levels of protective memory B and T cells may alter with age, associated with changes of the immune system throughout life and with accumulating exposures to circulating B. pertussis or vaccine doses. This is relevant since pertussis affects all age groups. This review summarizes current knowledge on the waning patterns of human cellular immune responses to B. pertussis as addressed in diverse vaccination and infection settings and in various age groups. Knowledge on the effectiveness and flaws in human B. pertussis-specific cellular immunity ultimately will advance the improvement of pertussis vaccination strategies.
Topics: Age Factors; Aging; B-Lymphocytes; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Pertussis Vaccine; T-Lymphocytes; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 26371178
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv071 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Oct 2021Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory bacterial infection caused by and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly...
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory bacterial infection caused by and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in infants. can cause a similar, but usually less severe pertussis-like disease. has a number of virulence factors including adhesins and toxins which allow the organism to bind to ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract and interfere with host clearance mechanisms. Typical symptoms of pertussis include paroxysmal cough with characteristic whoop and vomiting. Severe complications and deaths occur mostly in infants. Laboratory confirmation can be performed by isolation, detection of genomic DNA or specific antibodies. Childhood vaccination is safe, effective and remains the best control method available. Many countries have replaced whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP) with acellular pertussis vaccines (aP). Waning protection following immunisation with aP is considered to be more rapid than that from wP. Deployed by resource-rich countries to date, maternal immunisation programmes have also demonstrated high efficacy in preventing hospitalisation and death in infants by passive immunisation through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies.
Topics: Bordetella parapertussis; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Infant; Pertussis Vaccine; Virulence Factors; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 34668853
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001442 -
Vaccine Feb 2021Despite universal recommendation of the 4-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine series, coverage and timeliness in the US remain suboptimal....
Despite universal recommendation of the 4-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine series, coverage and timeliness in the US remain suboptimal. DTaP-containing combination vaccines (i.e. quadrivalent and pentavalent) are presumed to improve vaccine coverage rates and timeliness, but research supporting this claim is limited. We sought to investigate the associations between DTaP-containing vaccine use and adherence to the recommended DTaP immunization schedule among children in the US. Using a large claims database, we identified privately insured children born between 2009 and 2016 that received ≥1 DTaP-containing vaccine and had ≥24 months of enrollment from birth, excluding those with DTaP vaccinations not aligned with approved dose indications. Children were classified by DTaP-containing vaccine receipt: combination vaccines only, stand-alone vaccines only, or a mixture of both. Outcome measures included: 1) completion of the 4-dose series and 2) timely receipt of doses. Outcomes were adjusted for gender, birth year, race, and socioeconomic status. The study cohort contained 412,441 children. Of these, 40.5% (167,084) received combination vaccines only, 14.9% (61,342) received stand-alone vaccines only, and 44.6% (184,015) received a mixture of both. Combination vaccine recipients were nearly 3 times as likely to complete the 4-dose series (OR 2.93 (95% CI: 2.88, 2.99)) and for all doses received, more than 4 times as likely to receive doses on time (OR 4.12 (4.04, 4.21), relative to stand-alone vaccine recipients. Significance disparities in adherence were also observed, where minorities were up to 30% less likely (OR 0.70 (0.68, 0.71)) to complete the 4-dose series and up to 27% less likely (OR 0.73 (0.72, 0.75)) to receive doses on time, relative to white children. Our findings demonstrated that adherence to the recommended DTaP immunization schedule was significantly greater among combination vaccine recipients, relative to stand-alone recipients. Further research is needed to investigate underlying causes of disparities in adherence.
Topics: Child; Cohort Studies; Diphtheria; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Haemophilus Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Pertussis Vaccine; Retrospective Studies; Tetanus; Vaccines, Combined; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 33483215
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.009 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2014Routine use of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines was suspended in some countries in the 1970s and 1980s because of concerns about adverse effects. Following this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Routine use of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines was suspended in some countries in the 1970s and 1980s because of concerns about adverse effects. Following this action, there was a resurgence of whooping cough. Acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, containing purified or recombinant Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) antigens, were developed in the hope that they would be as effective, but less reactogenic than the whole-cell vaccines. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 1999, and previously updated in 2012. In this update, we included no new studies.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy and safety of acellular pertussis vaccines in children and to compare them with the whole-cell vaccines.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL (2013, Issue 12), MEDLINE (1950 to January week 2, 2014), EMBASE (1974 to January 2014), Biosis Previews (2009 to January 2014) and CINAHL (2009 to January 2014).
SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected double-blind randomised efficacy and safety trials of aP vaccines in children up to six years old, with active follow-up of participants and laboratory verification of pertussis cases.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias in the studies. Differences in trial design precluded a meta-analysis of the efficacy data. We pooled the safety data from individual trials using a random-effects meta-analysis model.
MAIN RESULTS
We included six efficacy trials with a total of 46,283 participants and 52 safety trials with a total of 136,541 participants. Most of the safety trials did not report the methods for random sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding, which made it difficult to assess the risk of bias in the studies. The efficacy of multi-component (≥ three) vaccines varied from 84% to 85% in preventing typical whooping cough (characterised by 21 or more consecutive days of paroxysmal cough with confirmation of B. pertussis infection by culture, appropriate serology or contact with a household member who has culture-confirmed pertussis), and from 71% to 78% in preventing mild pertussis disease (characterised by seven or more consecutive days of cough with confirmation of B. pertussis infection by culture or appropriate serology). In contrast, the efficacy of one- and two-component vaccines varied from 59% to 78% against typical whooping cough and from 41% to 58% against mild pertussis disease. Multi-component acellular vaccines are more effective than low-efficacy whole-cell vaccines, but may be less effective than the highest-efficacy whole-cell vaccines. Most systemic and local adverse events were significantly less common with aP vaccines than with wP vaccines for the primary series as well as for the booster dose.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Multi-component (≥ three) aP vaccines are effective in preventing whooping cough in children. Multi-component aP vaccines have higher efficacy than low-efficacy wP vaccines, but they may be less efficacious than the highest-efficacy wP vaccines. Acellular vaccines have fewer adverse effects than whole-cell vaccines for the primary series as well as for booster doses.
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Humans; Infant; Pertussis Vaccine; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 25228233
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6