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AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology Aug 2002Neuroradiologists generally do not fully appreciate the importance of the territory of the ascending pharyngeal artery. The ascending pharyngeal artery is a small but... (Review)
Review
Neuroradiologists generally do not fully appreciate the importance of the territory of the ascending pharyngeal artery. The ascending pharyngeal artery is a small but important artery that supplies multiple cranial nerves and anastomotic channels to the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations. Several disease processes in the head and neck involve the ascending pharyngeal artery. To evaluate and treat such diseases, it is necessary for neuroradiologists not only to know selective angiography and embolization techniques, but also the territory of the ascending pharyngeal artery, anastomoses, and vascular supply to the vasa nervorum of lower cranial nerves. Herein, the normal angiographic anatomy of the ascending pharyngeal artery, its relationship with neighboring territories, its importance in clinical situations, and research models are reviewed.
Topics: Arteries; Branchial Region; Humans; Pharynx
PubMed: 12169487
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Mar 2020Improper formation or remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) 3, 4, and 6 contribute to some of the most severe forms of congenital heart disease. To study the...
Improper formation or remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) 3, 4, and 6 contribute to some of the most severe forms of congenital heart disease. To study the formation of PAAs, we developed a protocol using whole-mount immunofluorescence coupled with benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) tissue clearing, and confocal microscopy. This allows for the visualization of the pharyngeal arch endothelium at a fine cellular resolution as well as the 3D connectivity of the vasculature. Using software, we have established a protocol to quantify the number of endothelial cells (ECs) in PAAs, as well as the number of ECs within the vascular plexus surrounding the PAAs within pharyngeal arches 3, 4, and 6. When applied to the whole embryo, this methodology provides a comprehensive visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic vasculature.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Branchial Region; Embryo, Mammalian; Endothelium, Vascular; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Confocal; Pharynx
PubMed: 32310236
DOI: 10.3791/60797 -
Science Advances Nov 2023The constant exposure of the fish branchial cavity to aquatic pathogens causes local mucosal immune responses to be extremely important for their survival. Here, we used...
The constant exposure of the fish branchial cavity to aquatic pathogens causes local mucosal immune responses to be extremely important for their survival. Here, we used a marker for T lymphocytes/natural killer (NK) cells (ZAP70) and advanced imaging techniques to investigate the lymphoid architecture of the zebrafish branchial cavity. We identified a sub-pharyngeal lymphoid organ, which we tentatively named "Nemausean lymphoid organ" (NELO). NELO is enriched in T/NK cells, plasma/B cells, and antigen-presenting cells embedded in a network of reticulated epithelial cells. The presence of activated T cells and lymphocyte proliferation, but not V(D)J recombination or hematopoiesis, suggests that NELO is a secondary lymphoid organ. In response to infection, NELO displays structural changes including the formation of T/NK cell clusters. NELO and gill lymphoid tissues form a cohesive unit within a large mucosal lymphoid network. Collectively, we reveal an unreported mucosal lymphoid organ reminiscent of mammalian tonsils that evolved in multiple teleost fish families.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Palatine Tonsil; Zebrafish; Lymphoid Tissue; Pharynx; T-Lymphocytes; Mammals
PubMed: 37910624
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0101 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Mar 2021Tonsillectomy and tonsillotomy are common surgical procedures, especially among children and adolescents. Post-operative bleeding is a potentially alarming and dangerous...
BACKGROUND
Tonsillectomy and tonsillotomy are common surgical procedures, especially among children and adolescents. Post-operative bleeding is a potentially alarming and dangerous complication. We wished to identify the prevalence of postoperative bleeding and associated risk factors in Ålesund hospital.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The study is based on a retrospective review of the records of all patients who underwent tonsil surgery at Ålesund hospital in the five-year period from 2015-2019.
RESULTS
Of 1394 patients who underwent tonsil surgery, tonsillectomy was performed in 1285 patients and tonsillotomy in 109 patients. Thirty patients (2.2 %) had primary haemorrhage (< 24 hours). Twenty patients (1.4 %) were hospitalised due to secondary haemorrhage (> 24 hours), after an average of 5.4 days. Five patients (0.4 %) were reoperated due to postoperative bleeding. No postoperative bleeding was recorded after tonsillotomy. Increased risk of late postoperative bleeding was found for patients aged 16 years and over, and patients with primary haemorrhage.
INTERPRETATION
The proportion of cases of postoperative bleeding was low compared to international studies. Our figures are likely representative for other otorhinolaryngology departments in Norway, and may provide useful information to clinicians and patients prior to tonsil surgery.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Norway; Palatine Tonsil; Postoperative Hemorrhage; Retrospective Studies; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 33754678
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0813 -
Nature Immunology Feb 2015Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) compose a heterogeneous subset of CD4(+) T cells that induce the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells.... (Review)
Review
Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) compose a heterogeneous subset of CD4(+) T cells that induce the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells. They are found within and in proximity to germinal centers in secondary lymphoid organs, and their memory compartment also circulates in the blood. Our knowledge on the biology of TFH cells has increased significantly during the past decade, largely as a result of mouse studies. However, recent studies on human TFH cells isolated from lymphoid organ and blood samples and recent observations on the developmental mechanism of human TFH cells have revealed both similarities and differences between human and mouse TFH cells. Here we present the similarities and differences between mouse and human lymphoid organ-resident TFH cells and discuss the role of TFH cells in response to vaccines and in disease pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Palatine Tonsil; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer
PubMed: 25594465
DOI: 10.1038/ni.3054 -
The American Journal of Case Reports Nov 2022BACKGROUND Spontaneous oropharyngeal hemorrhage is rare and is often associated with other predisposing factors. This can result in hemodynamic instability in the...
BACKGROUND Spontaneous oropharyngeal hemorrhage is rare and is often associated with other predisposing factors. This can result in hemodynamic instability in the presence of other bleeding sources. It is oftentimes difficult to diagnose due to its limitations to visual inspection of the oropharyngeal structures. It is commonly mistaken for hemoptysis or hematemesis upon initial evaluation. Trauma, infection, pulmonary pathologies (ie, lung cancer or tuberculosis), gastrointestinal pathologies (ie, esophageal/gastric varices, Mallory-Weiss tears, esophagitis), coagulopathies, medications, and prolonged intubation have been shown to increase the risk of oropharyngeal hemorrhage. CASE REPORT A 54-year-old man with a medical history of alcohol use disorder, liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and gastric varices presented with altered mental status. He was subsequently intubated for airway protection. Bleeding from the oropharynx was later found. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and bronchoscopy were unrevealing. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the head and neck revealed active bleeding of the right posterior pharyngeal artery, which was emergently embolized. Over the next few days, he continued to bleed from the oropharynx and became hemodynamically unstable. CTA abdomen showed bleeding from gastric varices and large-volume hemoperitoneum with multiple sources of active bleeding from the liver, duodenum, and jejunum. CONCLUSIONS We present a rare case of spontaneous oropharyngeal hemorrhage and gastric variceal bleeding resulting in hemorrhagic shock in a cirrhotic patient with multiple predisposing factors. If a patient presents with spontaneous oropharyngeal hemorrhage, clinicians should consider bleeding from the oropharynx if EGD and bronchoscopy are unrevealing. Thus, an emergent CTA of the head and neck should be strongly considered to further evaluate a potential source of active bleeding, as delayed diagnosis can be life-threatening.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Liver Cirrhosis; Causality; Oropharynx
PubMed: 36322511
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.937582 -
HNO May 2023Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsils is to be considered pathologic when nasopharyngeal symptoms of mechanical obstruction and/or chronic inflammation occur. Chronic... (Review)
Review
Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsils is to be considered pathologic when nasopharyngeal symptoms of mechanical obstruction and/or chronic inflammation occur. Chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in various middle ear diseases such as conductive hearing loss, cholesteatoma, and recurrent acute otitis media. During examination, attention should be paid to the presence of adenoid facies (long face syndrome), with a permanently open mouth and visible tip of the tongue. In the case of severe symptoms and/or failure of conservative treatment, adenoidectomy is usually performed on an outpatient basis. Conventional curettage remains the established standard treatment in Germany. Histologic evaluation is indicated for clinical evidence of mucopolysaccharidoses. Due to the risk of hemorrhage, the preoperative bleeding questionnaire, which is obligatory before every pediatric surgery, is referred to. Recurrence of adenoids is possible despite correct adenoidectomy. Before discharge home, otorhinolaryngologic inspection of the nasopharynx for secondary bleeding should be performed and anesthesiologic clearance obtained.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adenoids; Adenoidectomy; Otitis Media; Inflammation; Mouth; Otitis Media with Effusion
PubMed: 37071194
DOI: 10.1007/s00106-023-01298-7 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Adenoid hypertrophy is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Previous studies have suggested that pathogenic infections and local immune system...
INTRODUCTION
Adenoid hypertrophy is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Previous studies have suggested that pathogenic infections and local immune system disorders in the adenoids are associated with adenoid hypertrophy. The abnormalities in the number and function of various lymphocyte subsets in the adenoids may play a role in this association. However, changes in the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in hypertrophic adenoids remain unclear.
METHODS
To identify patterns of lymphocyte subsets in hypertrophic adenoids, we used multicolor flow cytometry to analyze the lymphocyte subset composition in two groups of children: the mild to moderate hypertrophy group (n = 10) and the severe hypertrophy group (n = 5).
RESULTS
A significant increase in naïve lymphocytes and a decrease in effector lymphocytes were found in severe hypertrophic adenoids.
DISCUSSION
This finding suggests that abnormal lymphocyte differentiation or migration may contribute to the development of adenoid hypertrophy. Our study provides valuable insights and clues into the immunological mechanism underlying adenoid hypertrophy.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adenoids; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Lymphocyte Subsets; Lymphocyte Count; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 37283767
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186258 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Sep 2019Developmental defects affecting the heart and aortic arch arteries are a significant phenotype observed in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome and are caused by a...
Developmental defects affecting the heart and aortic arch arteries are a significant phenotype observed in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome and are caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11. , one of the deleted genes, is expressed throughout the pharyngeal arches and is considered a key gene, when mutated, for the arch artery defects. is expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and is downregulated in mutant mice. We show here that -deficient mice are born with complex cardiovascular malformations that affect the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries with failure of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch arteries to form correctly. Transcriptome analysis indicated that and may function together, and mice double heterozygous for / presented with a significantly increased incidence of interrupted aortic arch when compared with heterozygous mice. Using a novel allele, we demonstrated that the site of this genetic interaction is the pharyngeal endoderm, therefore revealing that a --controlled signalling mechanism emanating from the pharyngeal endoderm is required for crucial tissue interactions during normal morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arch artery system.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Branchial Region; Cardiovascular System; Cell Differentiation; Embryo, Mammalian; Endoderm; Gene Deletion; Gene Regulatory Networks; Heterozygote; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Mutation; Neural Crest; PAX9 Transcription Factor; Pharynx; Protein Binding; Signal Transduction; T-Box Domain Proteins
PubMed: 31444215
DOI: 10.1242/dev.177618 -
Cell Adhesion & Migration 2010Cardiac neural crest cells originate as part of the postotic caudal rhombencephalic neural crest stream. Ectomesenchymal cells in this stream migrate to the... (Review)
Review
Cardiac neural crest cells originate as part of the postotic caudal rhombencephalic neural crest stream. Ectomesenchymal cells in this stream migrate to the circumpharyngeal ridge and then into the caudal pharyngeal arches where they condense to form first a sheath and then the smooth muscle tunics of the persisting pharyngeal arch arteries. A subset of the cells continue migrating into the cardiac outflow tract where they will condense to form the aorticopulmonary septum. Cell signaling, extracellular matrix and cell-cell contacts are all critical for the initial migration, pauses, continued migration, and condensation of these cells. This review elucidates what is currently known about these factors.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Movement; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Extracellular Matrix; Ganglia, Autonomic; Heart; Humans; Intercellular Junctions; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neural Crest; Pharynx
PubMed: 20890117
DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.13489