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Journal of the American Academy of... May 2021Cutaneous photobiology studies have focused primarily on the ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum. Visible light (VL), which comprises 50% of the electromagnetic... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous photobiology studies have focused primarily on the ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum. Visible light (VL), which comprises 50% of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches the Earth's surface and, as discussed in Part I of this CME, has cutaneous biologic effects, such as pigment darkening and erythema. Photoprotection against VL includes avoiding the sun, seeking shade, and using photoprotective clothing. The organic and inorganic ultraviolet filters used in sunscreens do not protect against VL, only tinted sunscreens do. In the United States, these filters are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as an over-the-counter drug and are subject to more stringent regulations than in Europe, Asia, and Australia. There are no established guidelines regarding VL photoprotection. Alternative measures to confer VL photoprotection are being explored. These novel methods include topical, oral, and subcutaneous agents. Further development should focus on better protection in the ultraviolet A1 (340-400 nm) and VL ranges while enhancing the cosmesis of the final products.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Erythema; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous; Radiation-Protective Agents; Skin; Skin Pigmentation; Sunlight; Treatment Outcome; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 33640513
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.074 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 2003Microbial-type rhodopsins are found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Some of them represent membrane ion transport proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, a...
Microbial-type rhodopsins are found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Some of them represent membrane ion transport proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, or channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1), a recently identified light-gated proton channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ChR1 and ChR2, a related microbial-type rhodopsin from C. reinhardtii, were shown to be involved in generation of photocurrents of this green alga. We demonstrate by functional expression, both in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and mammalian cells, that ChR2 is a directly light-switched cation-selective ion channel. This channel opens rapidly after absorption of a photon to generate a large permeability for monovalent and divalent cations. ChR2 desensitizes in continuous light to a smaller steady-state conductance. Recovery from desensitization is accelerated by extracellular H+ and negative membrane potential, whereas closing of the ChR2 ion channel is decelerated by intracellular H+. ChR2 is expressed mainly in C. reinhardtii under low-light conditions, suggesting involvement in photoreception in dark-adapted cells. The predicted seven-transmembrane alpha helices of ChR2 are characteristic for G protein-coupled receptors but reflect a different motif for a cation-selective ion channel. Finally, we demonstrate that ChR2 may be used to depolarize small or large cells, simply by illumination.
Topics: Algal Proteins; Animals; Cations; Cell Line; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Cricetinae; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Light; Membrane Potentials; Oocytes; Photobiology; Protozoan Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Rhodopsin; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 14615590
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1936192100 -
Mass Spectrometry Reviews May 2023A subfield of neuroproteomics, retina proteomics has experienced a transformative growth since its inception due to methodological advances in enabling chemical,... (Review)
Review
A subfield of neuroproteomics, retina proteomics has experienced a transformative growth since its inception due to methodological advances in enabling chemical, biochemical, and molecular biology techniques. This review focuses on mass spectrometry's contributions to facilitate mammalian and avian retina proteomics to catalog and quantify retinal protein expressions, determine their posttranslational modifications, as well as its applications to study the proteome of the retina in the context of biology, health and diseases, and therapy developments.
Topics: Animals; Proteomics; Proteome; Mass Spectrometry; Retina; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Mammals
PubMed: 35670041
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21786 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Photobiology is a challenging research area that aims to explore the interactions between light and living organisms and their biological consequences, with applications...
Photobiology is a challenging research area that aims to explore the interactions between light and living organisms and their biological consequences, with applications in the fields of photomedicine, photo(nano)technology, photosynthesis, and photosensory biology [...].
Topics: Photobiology; Photosynthesis; Light
PubMed: 38542185
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063209 -
EBioMedicine Feb 2017Prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. Outdoor activity is one of the most important environmental factors for myopia control. Here we show that violet light (VL,...
Prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. Outdoor activity is one of the most important environmental factors for myopia control. Here we show that violet light (VL, 360-400nm wavelength) suppresses myopia progression. First, we confirmed that VL suppressed the axial length (AL) elongation in the chick myopia model. Expression microarray analyses revealed that myopia suppressive gene EGR1 was upregulated by VL exposure. VL exposure induced significantly higher upregulation of EGR1 in chick chorioretinal tissues than blue light under the same conditions. Next, we conducted clinical research retrospectively to compare the AL elongation among myopic children who wore eyeglasses (VL blocked) and two types of contact lenses (partially VL blocked and VL transmitting). The data showed the VL transmitting contact lenses suppressed myopia progression most. These results suggest that VL is one of the important outdoor environmental factors for myopia control. Since VL is apt to be excluded from our modern society due to the excessive UV protection, VL exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Cell Line; Chickens; Child; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Eyeglasses; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Light; Male; Myopia; Phototherapy; Refraction, Ocular; Sunlight; Treatment Outcome; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 28063778
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.007 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2019This review presents recent developments in plant photobiology and lighting systems for horticultural crops, as well as potential applications for cannabis ( and ) plant... (Review)
Review
This review presents recent developments in plant photobiology and lighting systems for horticultural crops, as well as potential applications for cannabis ( and ) plant production. The legal and commercial production of the cannabis plant is a relatively new, rapidly growing, and highly profitable industry in Europe and North America. However, more knowledge transfer from plant studies and horticultural communities to commercial cannabis plant growers is needed. Plant photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis are influenced by light wavelength, intensity, and photoperiod plant photoreceptors that sense light and control plant growth. Further, light properties play a critical role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive (flowering) developmental stages, as well as in biomass, secondary metabolite synthesis, and accumulation. Advantages and disadvantages of widespread greenhouse lighting systems that use high pressure sodium lamps or light emitting diode (LED) lighting are known. Some artificial plant lighting practices will require improvements for cannabis production. By manipulating LED light spectra and stimulating specific plant photoreceptors, it may be possible to minimize operation costs while maximizing cannabis biomass and cannabinoid yield, including tetrahydrocannabinol (or Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol) and cannabidiol for medicinal and recreational purposes. The basics of plant photobiology (photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis) and electrical lighting systems are discussed, with an emphasis on how the light spectrum and lighting strategies could influence cannabis production and secondary compound accumulation.
PubMed: 31001288
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00296 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Jan 2019Transcription termination by the RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a fundamental step of gene expression that involves the release of the nascent transcript and dissociation of... (Review)
Review
Transcription termination by the RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a fundamental step of gene expression that involves the release of the nascent transcript and dissociation of the RNAP from the DNA template. However, the functional importance of termination extends beyond the mere definition of the gene borders. Chloroplasts originate from cyanobacteria and possess their own gene expression system. Plastids have a unique hybrid transcription system consisting of two different types of RNAPs of dissimilar phylogenetic origin together with several additional nuclear encoded components. Although the basic components involved in chloroplast transcription have been identified, little attention has been paid to the chloroplast transcription termination. Recent identification and functional characterization of novel factors in regulating transcription termination in Arabidopsis chloroplasts via genetic and biochemical approaches have provided insights into the mechanisms and significance of transcription termination in chloroplast gene expression. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the transcription termination in chloroplasts.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Chloroplasts; Transcription Termination, Genetic; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 30414934
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.011 -
Journal of Ophthalmology 2015Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidants found in the human retina and macula. Recent clinical trials have determined that age- and diet-related loss of lutein and... (Review)
Review
Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidants found in the human retina and macula. Recent clinical trials have determined that age- and diet-related loss of lutein and zeaxanthin enhances phototoxic damage to the human eye and that supplementation of these carotenoids has a protective effect against photoinduced damage to the lens and the retina. Two of the major mechanisms of protection offered by lutein and zeaxanthin against age-related blue light damage are the quenching of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species and the absorption of blue light. Determining the specific reactive intermediate(s) produced by a particular phototoxic ocular chromophore not only defines the mechanism of toxicity but can also later be used as a tool to prevent damage.
PubMed: 26798505
DOI: 10.1155/2015/687173 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 2013
Topics: Dermatology; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Photobiology; Phototherapy; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 23820720
DOI: 10.1038/skinbio.2013.180 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2019Plants use solar radiation as energy source for photosynthesis. They also take advantage of the information provided by the varying properties of sunlight, such as... (Review)
Review
Plants use solar radiation as energy source for photosynthesis. They also take advantage of the information provided by the varying properties of sunlight, such as wavelength, orientation, and periodicity, to trigger physiological and developmental adaptations to a changing environment. After more than a century of research efforts in plant photobiology, multiple light signaling pathways converging onto chromatin-based mechanisms have now been identified, which in some instances play critical roles in plant phenotypic plasticity. In addition to locus-specific changes linked to transcription regulation, light signals impact higher-order chromatin organization. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how light can affect the global composition and the spatial distribution of chromatin domains. We introduce emerging questions on the functional links between light signaling and the epigenome, and further discuss how different chromatin regulatory layers may interconnect during plant adaptive responses to light.
PubMed: 32038692
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01728