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Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2017
Topics: Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Photosensitizing Agents; Phototherapy
PubMed: 28674331
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-ctf6507 -
Bioorganic Chemistry Jul 2023Small molecule theranostic agents for tumor treatment exhibited triadic properties in tumor targeting, imaging, and therapy, which have attracted increasing attention as... (Review)
Review
Small molecule theranostic agents for tumor treatment exhibited triadic properties in tumor targeting, imaging, and therapy, which have attracted increasing attention as a potential complement for, or improved to, classical small molecule antitumor drugs. Photosensitizer have dual functions of imaging and phototherapy, and have been widely used in the construction of small molecule theranostic agents over the last decade. In this review, we summarized representative agents that have been studied in the field of small molecule theranostic agents based on photosensitizer in the last decade, and highlighted their characteristics and application in tumor-targeted monitoring and phototherapy. The challenges and future perspectives of photosensitizers in building small molecule theranostic agents for diagnosis and therapy of tumors were also discussed.
Topics: Humans; Photosensitizing Agents; Precision Medicine; Phototherapy; Neoplasms; Antineoplastic Agents; Nanoparticles; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 37094481
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106554 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Sep 2019Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment by combining light and a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for cellular damage, and is used to treat... (Review)
Review
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment by combining light and a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for cellular damage, and is used to treat cancer and infectious diseases. In this review, we focus on recent advances in design of new photosensitizers for increased production of ROS and in genetic engineering of biological photosensitizers to study cellular signaling pathways. A new concept has been proposed that PDT-induced acute inflammation can mediate neutrophil infiltration to deliver therapeutics in deep tumor tissues. Combination of PDT and immunotherapies (neutrophil-mediated therapeutic delivery) has shown the promising translation of PDT for cancer therapies. Furthermore, a new area in PDT is to treat bacterial infections to overcome the antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we have discussed the new directions of PDT for therapies of cancer and infectious diseases. In summary, we believe that rational design and innovations in nanomaterials may have a great impact on translation of PDT in cancer and infectious diseases. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
Topics: Communicable Diseases; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 31058443
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1560 -
Current Medicinal Chemistry 2011Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by illumination with visible light, leading to generation of reactive oxygen... (Review)
Review
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by illumination with visible light, leading to generation of reactive oxygen species. The mechanisms of resistance to PDT ascribed to the PS may be shared with the general mechanisms of drug resistance, and are related to altered drug uptake and efflux rates or altered intracellular trafficking. As a second step, an increased inactivation of oxygen reactive species is also associated to PDT resistance via antioxidant detoxifying enzymes and activation of heat shock proteins. Induction of stress response genes also occurs after PDT, resulting in modulation of proliferation, cell detachment and inducing survival pathways among other multiple extracellular signalling events. In addition, an increased repair of induced damage to proteins, membranes and occasionally to DNA may happen. PDT-induced tissue hypoxia as a result of vascular damage and photochemical oxygen consumption may also contribute to the appearance of resistant cells. The structure of the PS is believed to be a key point in the development of resistance, being probably related to its particular subcellular localization. Although most of the features have already been described for chemoresistance, in many cases, no cross-resistance between PDT and chemotherapy has been reported. These findings are in line with the enhancement of PDT efficacy by combination with chemotherapy. The study of cross resistance in cells with developed resistance against a particular PS challenged against other PS is also highly complex and comprises different mechanisms. In this review we will classify the different features observed in PDT resistance, leading to a comparison with the mechanisms most commonly found in chemo resistant cells.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Drug Resistance; Humans; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 21568910
DOI: 10.2174/092986711795843272 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive, alternative, and promising treatment for various diseases, including cancer, actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease,... (Review)
Review
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive, alternative, and promising treatment for various diseases, including cancer, actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, macular degeneration, and atherosclerotic plaques. PDT involves three different components, photosensitizers (PS), molecular oxygen, and light. The photoactivation of administered PSs using a specific wavelength of light in the presence of molecular oxygen leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to tumour cell death. Photosensitizing potentials of many commercially available compounds have been reported earlier. However, the possibilities of PDT using herbal medicines, which contain many photosensitizing phytochemicals, are not much explored. Medicinal plants with complex phytochemical compound mixtures have the benefit over single compounds or molecules in the treatment of many diseases with the benefit of low or reduced toxic side effects. This review emphasizes the role of various herbal medicines either alone or in combination to enhance the therapeutic outcome of photodynamic therapy.
Topics: Humans; Keratosis, Actinic; Oxygen; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Phytochemicals; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36014325
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165084 -
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering Jul 2021Photoactive agents are promising complements for both early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. The dual combination of diagnostics and therapeutics is known as... (Review)
Review
Photoactive agents are promising complements for both early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. The dual combination of diagnostics and therapeutics is known as theranostics. Photoactive theranostic agents are activated by a specific wavelength of light and emit another wavelength, which can be detected for imaging tumors, used to generate reactive oxygen species for ablating tumors, or both. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines photosensitizer (PS) accumulation and site-directed light irradiation for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and spatially targeted therapy. Although utilized since the early 1900s, advances in the fields of cancer biology, materials science, and nanomedicine have expanded photoactive agents to modern medical treatments. In this review we summarize the origins of PDT and the subsequent generations of PSs and analyze seminal research contributions that have provided insight into rational PS design, such as photophysics, modes of cell death, tumor-targeting mechanisms, and light dosing regimens. We highlight optimizable parameters that, with further exploration, can expand clinical applications of photoactive agents to revolutionize cancer diagnostics and treatment.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 34255992
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-122019-115833 -
Drug Discovery Today Feb 2008The eye is afflicted by chronic vision debilitating neovascular disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and corneal... (Review)
Review
The eye is afflicted by chronic vision debilitating neovascular disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and corneal angiogenesis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, evolving approach for treating neovascular diseases of the eye. PDT refers to the process of activating a light sensitive agent or carrier with non-thermal light to induce chemical reactions that ameliorate a pathological condition. Key components of PDT include a photosensitizer, a colloidal carrier or formulation and a light source. This article summarizes currently available clinical PDTs, desirable features of PDTs and photosensitizers, useful light sources for PDT and investigational nanosystems, and colloidal carriers for PDT.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Drug Carriers; Eye Diseases; Humans; Models, Anatomic; Nanostructures; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 18275910
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.12.005 -
Photochemistry and Photobiology Mar 2023Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with a stubborn mortality rate of ~65%. The persistent failure of multiline chemotherapy, and significant tumor... (Review)
Review
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with a stubborn mortality rate of ~65%. The persistent failure of multiline chemotherapy, and significant tumor heterogeneity, has made it challenging to improve outcomes. A target of increasing interest is the mitochondrion because of its essential role in critical cellular functions, and the significance of metabolic adaptation in chemoresistance. This review describes mitochondrial processes, including metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial transfer and mitochondrial dynamics in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance. The effect of malignant ascites, or excess peritoneal fluid, on mitochondrial function is discussed. The role of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in overcoming mitochondria-mediated resistance is presented. PDT, a photochemistry-based modality, involves the light-based activation of a photosensitizer leading to the production of short-lived reactive molecular species and spatiotemporally confined photodamage to nearby organelles and biological targets. The consequential effects range from subcytotoxic priming of target cells for increased sensitivity to subsequent treatments, such as chemotherapy, to direct cell killing. This review discusses how PDT-based approaches can address key limitations of current treatments. Specifically, an overview of the mechanisms by which PDT alters mitochondrial function, and a summary of preclinical advancements and clinical PDT experience in ovarian cancer are provided.
Topics: Female; Humans; Photochemotherapy; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Photosensitizing Agents; Ovarian Neoplasms; Mitochondria; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 36117466
DOI: 10.1111/php.13723 -
Bioconjugate Chemistry May 2023Tumor-targeting nanoparticles and phototherapies are the two major trends in tumor-specific, local cancer therapy with minimal side effects. Organic photosensitizers...
Tumor-targeting nanoparticles and phototherapies are the two major trends in tumor-specific, local cancer therapy with minimal side effects. Organic photosensitizers (PSs) usually offer effective photodynamic therapy (PDT) but require enhanced solubility and tumor-targeting, which may be provided by a nanoparticle. Near-infrared (NIR)-emitting AgS quantum dots may act as a delivery vehicle for the PS, NIR tracking agent, and as a phototherapy (PTT) agent. A combination of the two provides luminescent dual-phototherapy agents with tumor-specificity and image-guided and enhanced cytotoxicity as a result of synergistic PDT and PTT. In this study, brominated hemicyanine (Hemi-Br), a photosensitizer, was loaded onto folic acid (FA)-tagged, glutathione (GSH)-coated AgS quantum dots (AS-GSH QDs) to provide enhanced phototoxicity via a photodynamic and mild photothermal effect in folate receptor(+) cancer cell lines at clinically relevant 640 nm irradiation. Final particles (AS-GSH-FA/Hemi-Br) had a hydrodynamic size of 75.5 nm, dual emission at both 705 and 910 nm, and a 93% light-to-heat conversion efficiency under 640 nm laser irradiation. cytotoxicity studies were conducted with folate receptor (FR)-positive HeLa and -negative A549 cell lines to differentiate receptor-mediated uptake. Enhanced phototoxicity on HeLa cells was observed with AS-GSH-FA/Hemi-Br compared to free Hemi-Br and AS-GSH-FA QDs due to increased uptake of the photosensitizer via active targeting and combination therapy, which is especially visible at the safe dose of single agents. Upon irradiation with a 640 nm (300 mW, 0.78 W/cm) laser for 5 min, the viability of the HeLa cells decreased from 64% to 42 and 25% when treated with free Hemi-Br, AS-GSH-FA, and AS-GSH-FA/Hemi-Br, respectively. Overall, AS-GSH-FA/Hemi-Br provides image-guided enhanced PDT/PTT, which may be adopted for different FR(+) tumors.
Topics: Humans; Photosensitizing Agents; Photochemotherapy; Quantum Dots; HeLa Cells; Phototherapy; Nanoparticles; Folic Acid
PubMed: 37078275
DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00096 -
Photochemistry and Photobiology Sep 2021This report describes studies involving ER vs. lysosomal targeting and is designed to assess the initiation of different death pathways as a function of subcellular...
This report describes studies involving ER vs. lysosomal targeting and is designed to assess the initiation of different death pathways as a function of subcellular targeting and PDT dose. Photodamage directed at mitochondria or lysosomes initiates apoptosis, a death pathway generally considered to be irreversible. Photodamage that involves the ER can lead to another death pathway termed paraptosis. This does not involve caspase activation, can eradicate cell types with impaired apoptosis; at high levels of irradiation, apoptosis and necrosis were observed. Autophagy has a cytoprotective function unless lysosomes are targeted; loss of lysosomal integrity can interfere with the autophagic recycling processes.
Topics: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Line, Tumor; Lysosomes; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents
PubMed: 33884636
DOI: 10.1111/php.13436