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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2016The synergistic antimicrobial effects of phytic acid (PA), a natural extract from rice bran, plus sodium chloride against Escherichia coli O157:H7 were examined....
The synergistic antimicrobial effects of phytic acid (PA), a natural extract from rice bran, plus sodium chloride against Escherichia coli O157:H7 were examined. Exposure to NaCl alone at concentrations up to 36% (wt/wt) for 5 min did not reduce bacterial populations. The bactericidal effects of PA alone were much greater than those of other organic acids (acetic, citric, lactic, and malic acids) under the same experimental conditions (P < 0.05). Combining PA and NaCl under conditions that yielded negligible effects when each was used alone led to marked synergistic effects. For example, whereas 0.4% PA or 3 or 4% NaCl alone had little or no effect on cell viability, combining the two completely inactivated both nonadapted and acid-adapted cells, reducing their numbers to unrecoverable levels (>7-log CFU/ml reduction). Flow cytometry confirmed that PA disrupted the cell membrane to a greater extent than did other organic acids, although the cells remained viable. The combination of PA and NaCl induced complete disintegration of the cell membrane. By comparison, none of the other organic acids acted synergistically with NaCl, and neither did NaCl-HCl solutions at the same pH values as the test solutions of PA plus NaCl. These results suggest that PA has great potential as an effective bacterial membrane-permeabilizing agent, and we show that the combination is a promising alternative to conventional chemical disinfectants. These findings provide new insight into the utility of natural compounds as novel antimicrobial agents and increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial activity of PA.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Membrane; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli O157; Microbial Viability; Permeability; Phytic Acid; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 26637600
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03307-15 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2020Phytate and phytases in seeds are the subjects of numerous studies, dating back as far as the early 20th century. Most of these studies concern the anti-nutritional... (Review)
Review
Phytate and phytases in seeds are the subjects of numerous studies, dating back as far as the early 20th century. Most of these studies concern the anti-nutritional properties of phytate, and the prospect of alleviating the effects of phytate with phytase. As reasonable as this may be, it has led to a fragmentation of knowledge, which hampers the appreciation of the physiological system at hand. In this review, we integrate the existing knowledge on the chemistry and biosynthesis of phytate, the globoid cellular structure, and recent advances on plant phytases. We highlight that these components make up a system that serves to store and-in due time-release the seed's reserves of the mineral nutrients phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, and others, as well as inositol and protein. The central component of the system, the phytate anion, is inherently rich in phosphorous and inositol. The chemical properties of phytate enable it to sequester additional cationic nutrients. Compartmentalization and membrane transport processes regulate the buildup of phytate and its associated nutrients, resulting in globoid storage structures. We suggest, based on the current evidence, that the degradation of the globoid and the mobilization of the nutrients also depend on membrane transport processes, as well as the enzymatic action of phytase.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Arabidopsis; Crops, Agricultural; Edible Grain; Inclusion Bodies; Minerals; Nutrients; Phytic Acid; Seeds
PubMed: 33053867
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207519 -
Anticancer Research 2005There are now extensive scientific data suggesting the potential role of dietary and non-dietary phytochemicals in the prevention and control of prostate cancer (PCA)... (Review)
Review
There are now extensive scientific data suggesting the potential role of dietary and non-dietary phytochemicals in the prevention and control of prostate cancer (PCA) growth and progression. PCA is a disease of elderly male populations with a relatively slower rate of growth and progression as compared to most other cancers and, therefore, is a candidate disease for preventive intervention. Overall, PCA growth and progression involve aberrant mitogenic and survival signaling and deregulated cell cycle progression, accompanied by gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes over a period of years. Several mechanisms, including overexpression of growth, survival and angiogenic factors and their receptors, together with a loss/decrease of tumor suppressor p53, retinoblastoma and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, have been implicated in PCA growth and progression. Therefore, phytochemicals targeting these molecular events could have a promising role in PCA prevention and/or therapy. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a major constituent of most cereals, legumes, nuts, oil seeds and soybean. Taken orally as an over-the-counter dietary/nutrient supplement, and is recognised as offering several health benefits without any known toxicity. In vitro anticancer efficacy of IP6 has been observed in many human, mouse and rat prostate cancer cells. Completed studies also show that oral feeding of IP6 inhibits human PCA xenograft growth in nude mice without toxicity. In a recently completed pilot study, we observed similar preventive effects of IP6 on prostate tumorigenesis in the TRAMP model. Mechanistic studies indicate that IP6 targets mitogenic and survival signaling, as well as cell cycle progression, in PCA cells. IP6 is also shown to target molecular events associated with angiogenesis. Moreover, IP6 has pleiotropic molecular targets for its overall efficacy against PCA and, therefore, could be a suitable candidate agent for preventive intervention of this malignancy in humans.
Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Male; Phytic Acid; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 16080543
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Sep 2022Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and...
Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two convenience stores in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, and were included in the study. Meat substitutes (n = 44) were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber, fat, iron, zinc, phytate, salt, total phenolics and protein, as well as for their amino acid and fatty acid composition. Bioavailability of iron and zinc was estimated based on the phytate:mineral molar ratio. We found large variations in the nutritional composition of the analyzed meat substitutes. Amino acid profiles seemed to be affected by processing methods. Mycoprotein products were rich in zinc, with a median content of 6.7 mg/100 g, and had very low content of phytate, which suggests mycoprotein as a good source of zinc. Degradability of fungal cell walls might, however, pose as a potential aggravating factor. None of the products could be regarded as a good source of iron due to very high content of phytate (9 to 1151 mg/100 g) and/or low content of iron (0.4 to 4.7 mg/100 g). Phytate:iron molar ratios in products with iron contents >2.1 mg/100 g ranged from 2.5 to 45. Tempeh stood out as a protein source with large potential due to low phytate content (24 mg/100 g) and an iron content (2 mg/100 g) close to the level of a nutrition claim. Producers of the products analyzed in this study appear to use nutritional claims regarding iron that appear not in line with European regulations, since the iron is in a form not available by the body. Meat substitutes analyzed in this study do not contribute to absorbed iron in a relevant manner. Individuals following mainly plant-based diets have to meet their iron needs through other sources. Salt and saturated fat were high in certain products, while other products were more in line with nutritional recommendations. Further investigation of the nutritional and health effects of protein extraction and extrusion is needed. We conclude that nutritional knowledge needs to be implemented in product development of meat substitutes.
Topics: Amino Acids; Biological Availability; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids; Humans; Iron; Meat; Phytic Acid; Sweden; Zinc
PubMed: 36235566
DOI: 10.3390/nu14193903 -
International Journal of Food... Jan 2020Aiming at meeting the recommendations of the World Health Organization regarding the total fiber daily intake, an integrate biotechnological approach, combining xylanase...
Aiming at meeting the recommendations of the World Health Organization regarding the total fiber daily intake, an integrate biotechnological approach, combining xylanase treatment and lactic acid bacteria fermentation of milling by-products from pigmented wheat varieties, hull-less barley and emmer was proposed. The effects on the biochemical and nutritional features were investigated. Enhanced radical scavenging activity, increased concentrations of free amino acids (up to three times) and peptides and optimal in vitro protein digestibility (up to ca. 87%) value as well as relevant phytic acid degradation were achieved during bran fermentation. The main nutritional features of each matrix were enhanced and distinguished. Fortified breads were characterized by a concentration in total dietary fibers and protein of ca. 7 and 13% of dry matter, respectively. Compared to wheat bread the addition of pre-fermented brans caused a significant increase in protein digestibility (up to 79%), and a relevant decrease of the predicted glycemic index (ca. 8%) of the fortified bread. According to the results, this study demonstrates the potential of xylanase treatment and lactic acid bacteria fermentation to be used as suitable strategy to include bran in breadmaking, meeting both nutritional and sensory requests of modern consumers.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Bread; Dietary Fiber; Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases; Fermentation; Flour; Food Additives; Hordeum; Humans; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillales; Nutritive Value; Phytic Acid; Triticum; Waste Products
PubMed: 31670259
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108384 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020Multiple human health-beneficial effects have been related to highly phosphorylated inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). This naturally occurring carbohydrate and its parent... (Review)
Review
Multiple human health-beneficial effects have been related to highly phosphorylated inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). This naturally occurring carbohydrate and its parent compound, -inositol (Ins), are abundantly present in plants, particularly in certain high-fiber diets, but also in mammalian cells, where they regulate important cellular functions. However, the striking and broad-spectrum anticancer activity of IP6, consistently demonstrated in different experimental models, has been in a spotlight of the scientific community dealing with the nutrition and cancer during the last several decades. First experiments were performed in colon cancer 30 years ago. Since then, it has been shown that IP6 reduces cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and differentiation of malignant cells with reversion to normal phenotype, affecting several critical molecular targets. Enhanced immunity and antioxidant properties also contribute to the tumor cell destruction. Although Ins possesses a modest anticancer potential, the best anticancer results were obtained from the combination of IP6 + Ins. Here we review the first experimental steps in colon cancer, when concepts and hypotheses were put together almost without real knowledge and present clinical studies, that were initiated in colon cancer patients. Available as a dietary supplement, IP6 + Ins has been shown to enhance the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, controls cancer metastases, and improves quality of life in cancer patients. Emerging clinical and still vast amount of experimental data suggest its role either as an adjuvant or as an "alternative" to current chemotherapy for cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Phytic Acid; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33333775
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245931 -
Experimental Dermatology Jun 2021Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a prototype of heritable ectopic calcification disorders, affects the skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system due to inactivating...
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a prototype of heritable ectopic calcification disorders, affects the skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system due to inactivating mutations in the ABCC6 gene. There is no effective treatment for the systemic manifestations of PXE. In this study, the efficacy of INS-3001, an analogue of phytic acid, was tested for inhibition of ectopic calcification in an Abcc6 mouse model of PXE. In prevention study, Abcc6 mice, at 6 weeks of age, the time of onset of ectopic calcification, were treated with INS-3001 with 0.16, 0.8, 4, 20 or 100 mg/kg/day administered by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic pumps, as well as 4 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection thrice weekly or 14, 4 and 0.8 mg/kg/day once weekly subcutaneous injection. Mice were necropsied at 12 weeks of age. Histologic examination and quantitative calcium assay revealed that mice receiving 6 weeks of continuous INS-3001 administration via osmotic pumps showed dose-dependent inhibition of muzzle skin calcification with complete response at 4 mg/kg/day and a minimum effective dose at 0.8 mg/kg/day. INS-3001 plasma concentrations were dose-dependent and largely consistent during treatment for each dose. thrice weekly and once weekly subcutaneous injections of INS-3001 also prevented calcification. In established disease study, 12-week-old Abcc6 mice with extensive calcification were continuously administered INS-3001 at 4 mg/kg/day for a follow-up of 12 weeks. INS-3001 treatment was found to stabilize existing calcification that had developed at start of treatment. These results suggest that INS-3001 may provide a promising preventive treatment strategy for PXE, a currently intractable ectopic calcification disorder.
Topics: Animals; Calcinosis; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Phytic Acid; Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
PubMed: 33523493
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14288 -
Poultry Science Apr 2024Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P, apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of P, and phytic acid disappearance in canola meal were evaluated in the presence of...
Research Note: Evaluation of phytic acid disappearance, ileal P digestibility, and total tract P retention in canola meal supplemented with increasing levels of exogenous phytase using conventional and cecectomized precision-fed roosters and growing chicks.
Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P, apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of P, and phytic acid disappearance in canola meal were evaluated in the presence of increasing levels of exogenous phytase. In Experiment 1, a precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine phytic acid (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis; InsP) and inositol phosphate (InsP; InsP-P) disappearance in conventional and cecectomized Leghorn roosters. Roosters were crop intubated with 25 g of canola meal mixed with 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg of exogenous phytase. In Experiment 2, InsP and InsP-P disappearance and AID and ATTR of P were determined using ad libitum-fed broiler chickens. Treatments consisted of semi-purified diets containing 45% canola meal as the sole source of P. Phytase was added to increase phytase activity by 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg. Experiments contained 6 replicates per treatment. Canola meal contained a high phytase activity (1,630 FTU/kg as-fed) due to contamination with a commercially available phytase at the feed mill from which the canola meal was sourced. In Experiment 1 with precision-fed roosters, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of phytase or bird type on InsP and InsP-P disappearance; however, phytase linearly reduced (P < 0.05) InsP concentrations in excreta. In Experiment 2 with ad libitum-fed chickens, phytase linearly increased (P < 0.05) ileal InsP and InsP-P disappearance, and phytase had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on excreta InsP and InsP-P disappearance. Increasing dietary phytase activity resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in AID of P and phytase had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on ATTR of P. In conclusion, titration of high levels of phytase (1,600 to 3,600 FTU/kg as-fed) reduced InsP concentrations in precision-fed roosters but did not affect overall phytic acid hydrolysis, which was 78% or greater for all treatments; however, increasing the total phytase activity from 700 to 2,700 FTU in ad libitum-fed broiler chickens increased phytic acid disappearance and P digestibility.
Topics: Animals; Male; Chickens; Phytic Acid; 6-Phytase; Digestion; Animal Feed; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Brassica napus; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38364607
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103520 -
STAR Protocols Mar 2021This protocol describes an affinity enrichment approach from mammalian cell extracts to identify protein binding partners of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP) and...
This protocol describes an affinity enrichment approach from mammalian cell extracts to identify protein binding partners of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP) and 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (5PP-InsP), two important eukaryotic metabolites. The interactomes are annotated using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and comparison against a control resin can uncover hundreds of protein targets. Quantitative analysis of InsP- versus 5PP-InsP-binding proteins highlights specific protein-ligand interactions. The approach is applicable to different cells and organisms and will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of inositol poly- and pyrophosphate signaling. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Furkert et al. (2020).
Topics: HCT116 Cells; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Inositol Phosphates; Mass Spectrometry; Phytic Acid; Second Messenger Systems
PubMed: 33490990
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100277 -
Toxins May 2010Protease domains within toxins typically act as the primary effector domain within target cells. By contrast, the primary function of the cysteine protease domain (CPD)... (Review)
Review
Protease domains within toxins typically act as the primary effector domain within target cells. By contrast, the primary function of the cysteine protease domain (CPD) in Multifunctional Autoprocessing RTX-like (MARTX) and Clostridium sp. glucosylating toxin families is to proteolytically cleave the toxin and release its cognate effector domains. The CPD becomes activated upon binding to the eukaryotic-specific small molecule, inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP(6)), which is found abundantly in the eukaryotic cytosol. This property allows the CPD to spatially and temporally regulate toxin activation, making it a prime candidate for developing anti-toxin therapeutics. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to defining the regulation of toxin function by the CPD and the development of inhibitors to prevent CPD-mediated activation of bacterial toxins.
Topics: Bacterial Toxins; Clostridium; Cysteine Proteases; Phytic Acid; Protein Conformation; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 22069620
DOI: 10.3390/toxins2050963