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American Journal of Physiology.... Jun 2000Intravenous injection of galanin increases plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. In the rat, the effects of galanin on GH appear to be mediated... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Intravenous injection of galanin increases plasma growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. In the rat, the effects of galanin on GH appear to be mediated via the hypothalamic galanin receptor GAL-R(1), at which galanin-(3-29) is inactive. In contrast, the effect of galanin on PRL is mediated via the pituitary-specific galanin receptor GAL-R(W), at which galanin-(3-29) is fully active. We investigated the effects of an intravenous infusion of human galanin (hGAL)-(1-30) and -(3-30) on anterior pituitary hormone levels in healthy females. Subjects were infused with saline, hGAL-(1-30) (80 pmol. kg(-1). min(-1)), and hGAL-(3-30) (600 pmol. kg(-1). min(-1)) and with boluses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Both hGAL-(1-30) and -(3-30) potentiated the rise in GHRH-stimulated GH levels [area under the curve (AUC), saline, 2,810 +/- 500 vs. hGAL-(1-30), 4,660 +/- 737, P < 0.01; vs. hGAL-(3-30), 6, 870 +/- 1,550 ng. min. ml(-1), P < 0.01]. In contrast to hGAL-(1-30), hGAL-(3-30) had no effect on basal GH levels (AUC, saline, -110 +/- 88 vs. hGAL 1-30, 960 +/- 280, P < 0.002; vs. hGAL-(3-30), 110 +/- 54 ng. min. ml(-1), P = not significant). These data suggest that the effects of galanin on basal and stimulated GH release are mediated via different receptor subtypes and that the human equivalent of GAL-R(W) may exist.
Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Galanin; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Heart Rate; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Kinetics; Luteinizing Hormone; Peptide Fragments; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
PubMed: 10827009
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.6.E1060 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2015Since the tissue of children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is not readily accessible, a new focus in children with CPHD is the blood-based expression... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Since the tissue of children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is not readily accessible, a new focus in children with CPHD is the blood-based expression profiling of non-protein coding genes, such as microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), which regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of mRNAs. In this study, to address this, we identified potential miRNA signatures for CPHD by comparing genome-wide miRNA expression profiles in the serum of children with CPHD vs. normal (healthy) controls. Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were transfected with miR-593 or miR-511 oligonucleotides. Potential target gene expression was validated by western blot analysis for proteins and by miR-593 or miR-511 reporter assay using PROP1 gene 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) reporter. The miR-593 and miR-511 levels in the serum of 103 children with CPHD were assessed using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. We found 23 upregulated and 19 downregulated miRNAs with abnormal expression in children with CPHD compared with the normal controls using miRNA microarray analysis and RT-qPCR. miR-593 and miR-511 targeted the 3'-UTR of the PROP1 gene and attenuated the expression of PROP1. The levels of miR-593 and miR-511 in the serum of children with CPHD were increased compared with those in the control subjects. According to Youden's index, the sensitivity was 82.54 and 84.86%, and the specificity was 98.15 and 91.36% for miR-593 and miR-511, respectively. The various levels of specific miRNAs, particularly miR-593 and miR-511 whose direct target is the PROP1 gene, may serve as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for children with CPHD.
Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; Abnormalities, Multiple; Adolescent; Biomarkers; Child; Facies; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Genome-Wide Association Study; HEK293 Cells; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; MicroRNAs; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Transcription Factor Pit-1
PubMed: 25434367
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2016 -
The Journal of Cell Biology Jan 1969A method is described for isolation of relatively large quantities of large and small hormone storage granules from the beef adenohypophysis. The hormone storage...
A method is described for isolation of relatively large quantities of large and small hormone storage granules from the beef adenohypophysis. The hormone storage granules are highly purified, as indicated by ultrastructural and biochemical criteria. The average size of large granules is 400 mmicro and of small granules is 220 mmicro. The large granules contain growth hormone and prolactin; the small granules contain high concentrations of follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, and thyroid-stimulating hormones. An alkaline protease with a pH optimum of 8.3 is associated with the small granule fraction.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cytoplasmic Granules; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Luteinizing Hormone; Microscopy, Electron; Peptide Hydrolases; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 5782447
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.40.1.225 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Oct 1991We have investigated the effects of midazolam on circulating concentrations of pituitary and pancreatic hormones in eight healthy patients during cholecystectomy and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
We have investigated the effects of midazolam on circulating concentrations of pituitary and pancreatic hormones in eight healthy patients during cholecystectomy and compared the changes with those in a control group of eight patients. Anaesthesia was induced either with midazolam 0.42 mg kg-1 i.v. followed by an infusion of midazolam 0.125 mg kg-1 for 1 h, or with a sleep dose of thiopentone. All patients received vecuronium, and the lungs were ventilated with 0.5-1.0% halothane and 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The use of midazolam was associated with a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in secretion of cortisol and insulin during surgery. Serum growth hormone secretion was augmented, but this did not reach statistical significance. There was little difference in the concentrations of circulating metabolites between the two groups, except for a significant decrease in blood glucose (P less than 0.05) in the midazolam group after 60 min. There were no marked differences in cardiovascular variables between the two groups of patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Blood Glucose; Cholecystectomy; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Insulin; Male; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Pancreas; Pancreatic Hormones; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 1931395
DOI: 10.1093/bja/67.4.390 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica Jan 2011Besides suppressing sebum production, the exact mechanism of action of isotretinoin in acne vulgaris is not known. Several hormones have been linked to the pathogenesis...
Besides suppressing sebum production, the exact mechanism of action of isotretinoin in acne vulgaris is not known. Several hormones have been linked to the pathogenesis of acne. In this study, we investigated the effects of isotretinoin on the pituitary-adrenal axis, whose activity may be increased in acne. Various hormone systems were evaluated before and after 3 months of isotretinoin treatment in 47 acne patients. Free triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody levels decreased significantly during isotretinoin treatment (p < 0.001, p < 0.02 and p < 0.02, respectively), as did those of luteinising hormone, prolactin and total testosterone (p < 0.005), as well as morning cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (p < 0.005 and p < 0.05, respectively). We conclude that isotretinoin causes mild suppression of pituitary hormone levels, which may be beneficial for tackling the pathogenesis of acne.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Isotretinoin; Male; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Thyrotropin; Young Adult
PubMed: 21103844
DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1013 -
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience : MN Jan 2011Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19-amino-acid cyclic peptide which was originally found to lighten skin color in fish that is highly conserved among many... (Review)
Review
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19-amino-acid cyclic peptide which was originally found to lighten skin color in fish that is highly conserved among many species. MCH interacts with two G-protein-coupled receptors, MCH1R and MCH2R, but only MCH1R is expressed in rodents. MCH is mainly synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta, while MCH1R is widely expressed throughout the brain. Thus, MCH signaling is implicated in the regulation of many physiological functions. The identification of MCH1R has led to the development of small-molecule MCH1R antagonists that can block MCH signaling. MCH1R antagonists are useful not only for their potential therapeutic value, but also for understanding the physiological functions of the endogenous MCH system. Here, we review the physiological functions of the MCH system which have been investigated using MCH1R antagonists such as food intake, anxiety, depression, reward, and sleep. This will help us understand the physiological functions of the MCH system and suggest some of the potential applications of MCH1R antagonists in human disorders.
Topics: Animals; Depression; Energy Metabolism; Homeostasis; Humans; Hypothalamic Hormones; Melanins; Pituitary Hormones; Protein Isoforms; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Receptors, Pituitary Hormone; Receptors, Somatostatin; Reward; Sleep
PubMed: 20582487
DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9411-4 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2008To analyze pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian rhythms, and to correlate hormonal alterations with clinical performance, hepatic disease severity and diagnostic...
AIM
To analyze pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian rhythms, and to correlate hormonal alterations with clinical performance, hepatic disease severity and diagnostic tests used for the detection of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis.
METHODS
Twenty-six patients with cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. Thirteen patients hospitalized for systemic diseases not affecting the liver were included as controls. Liver disease severity was assessed by the Child-Pugh score. All patients underwent detailed neurological assessment, electroencephalogram (EEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), assays of pituitary hormone, cortisol and melatonin, and complete blood chemistry evaluation.
RESULTS
Pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian patterns were altered in cirrhosis patients without clinical encephalopathy. Circadian hormone alterations were different in cirrhosis patients compared with controls. Although cortisol secretion was not altered in any patient with cirrhosis, the basal cortisol levels were low and correlated with EEG and brain MRI abnormalities. Melatonin was the only hormone associated with the severity of liver insufficiency.
CONCLUSION
Abnormal pituitary hormone and melatonin circadian patterns are present in cirrhosis before the development of hepatic encephalopathy. These abnormalities may be early indicators of impending hepatic encephalopathy. Factors affecting the human biologic clock at the early stages of liver insufficiency require further study.
Topics: Aged; Circadian Rhythm; Electroencephalography; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Melatonin; Middle Aged; Pituitary Hormones; Prolactin; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 18636665
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4190 -
The Journal of Physiology May 1951
Topics: Aged; Growth Hormone; Heart; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypertrophy; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones
PubMed: 14851264
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jul 1972The effects of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, synthetic decapeptide luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH/FSH-RH), have been...
The effects of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, synthetic decapeptide luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (LH/FSH-RH), have been studied in 18 normal men and five women in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Rapid and dose-dependent (25 to 100 mug) increases in serum immunoreactive LH were seen, which reached a peak 20 to 30 minutes after a rapid intravenous injection. Similar but much smaller increases in serum immunoreactive FSH were seen. These conclusions have been validated by using two different immunoassay systems for each hormone. The LH/FSH-RH therefore causes both LH and FSH release in man as in animals but does not affect growth hormone, thyrotrophin, or ACTH. The gonadotrophin responses were the same in the women as in the men but were insufficient in the men to cause statistically significant changes in the serum levels of the gonadal steroid hormones, testosterone or oestradiol, or in their precursors 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone or progesterone. In the women, however, there was a rise in oestradiol after the 100-mug doses. The use of LH/FSH-RH will provide an important test to define the level of the lesion in hypogonadal patients and also should be valuable in the treatment of some types of male and female infertility. A simple and clinically useful LH/FSH-RH test of pituitary function is described (100 mug given intravenously), and the provisional normal responses of LH and FSH at 20 and 60 minutes are given.
Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Antigens; Estradiol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hydroxyprogesterones; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Menstruation; Pituitary Function Tests; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Progesterone; Secretory Rate; Testosterone; Thyrotropin; Time Factors
PubMed: 4339974
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5821.267 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Nov 2018BACKGROUND The aim was to develop and assess a general pituitary hormone score to evaluate the function of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) in patients following...
Evaluation of a Novel General Pituitary Hormone Score to Evaluate the Function of the Residual Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) in Patients Following Surgery for Pituitary Adenoma.
BACKGROUND The aim was to develop and assess a general pituitary hormone score to evaluate the function of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) in patients following resection of pituitary adenomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-six patients with pituitary null cell macroadenoma (1-3 cm diameter) (N=38) and pituitary null cell giant adenoma (≥3 cm diameter) (N=28) had preoperative and postoperative data including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and measurement of six pituitary hormones levels, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). The postoperative general pituitary hormone score, for 57 patients who underwent subtotal resection (>60%) and nine patients who underwent partial resection (≤60%), was 1-5 for each hormone level (score range, 6-30). RESULTS ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL, FSH, and LH levels in 38 patients with pituitary null cell macroadenoma were not statistically different from the 28 patients with pituitary null cell giant adenoma; the general pituitary hormone score in the former group was significantly increased compared with the latter group (P<0.05). ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL, FSH, and LH levels in the 57 patients with subtotal tumor resection were not significantly different from the nine patients with partial tumor resection; the general pituitary hormone score in the former group was significantly reduced compared with the latter group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A general pituitary hormone score was developed that might be relevant to the evaluation of pituitary function following surgical resection of pituitary null cell macroadenoma and giant adenoma.
Topics: Adenoma; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; China; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Dysfunction Scores; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactin; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 30397189
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.909925