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Plant, Cell & Environment Oct 2019The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a rapid regulatory mechanism for selective protein degradation in plants and plays crucial roles in growth and development.... (Review)
Review
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a rapid regulatory mechanism for selective protein degradation in plants and plays crucial roles in growth and development. There is increasing evidence that the UPS is also an integral part of plant adaptation to environmental stress, such as drought, salinity, cold, nutrient deprivation and pathogens. This review focuses on recent studies illustrating the important functions of the UPS components E2s, E3s and subunits of the proteasome and describes the regulation of proteasome activity during plant responses to environment stimuli. The future research hotspots and the potential for utilization of the UPS to improve plant tolerance to stress are discussed.
Topics: Cold Temperature; Droughts; Environment; Plant Development; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Salt Stress; Stress, Physiological; Ubiquitin; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 31364170
DOI: 10.1111/pce.13633 -
Phytochemistry Apr 2015Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been studied for their role in plant development as well as in plant immunity. ROS were consistently observed to accumulate in the... (Review)
Review
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been studied for their role in plant development as well as in plant immunity. ROS were consistently observed to accumulate in the plant after the perception of pathogens and microbes and over the years, ROS were postulated to be an integral part of the defence response of the plant. In this article we will focus on recent findings about ROS involved in the interaction of plants with pathogenic fungi. We will describe the ways to detect ROS, their modes of action and their importance in relation to resistance to fungal pathogens. In addition we include some results from works focussing on the fungal interactor and from studies investigating roots during pathogen attack.
Topics: Fungi; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plants; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 25264341
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.027 -
The Plant Cell Apr 2022The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes....
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
Topics: Cell Wall; Communication; Plant Cells; Plants
PubMed: 35157079
DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040 -
Nucleic Acids Research Jan 2017Plant Reactome (http://plantreactome.gramene.org/) is a free, open-source, curated plant pathway database portal, provided as part of the Gramene project. The database...
Plant Reactome (http://plantreactome.gramene.org/) is a free, open-source, curated plant pathway database portal, provided as part of the Gramene project. The database provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualization, analysis and interpretation of pathway knowledge to support genome annotation, genome analysis, modeling, systems biology, basic research and education. Plant Reactome employs the structural framework of a plant cell to show metabolic, transport, genetic, developmental and signaling pathways. We manually curate molecular details of pathways in these domains for reference species Oryza sativa (rice) supported by published literature and annotation of well-characterized genes. Two hundred twenty-two rice pathways, 1025 reactions associated with 1173 proteins, 907 small molecules and 256 literature references have been curated to date. These reference annotations were used to project pathways for 62 model, crop and evolutionarily significant plant species based on gene homology. Database users can search and browse various components of the database, visualize curated baseline expression of pathway-associated genes provided by the Expression Atlas and upload and analyze their Omics datasets. The database also offers data access via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and in various standardized pathway formats, such as SBML and BioPAX.
Topics: Computational Biology; Databases, Genetic; Genomics; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Plants; Search Engine; Signal Transduction; Systems Biology; User-Computer Interface; Web Browser
PubMed: 27799469
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw932 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022In plants, methylation is a common step in specialized metabolic pathways, leading to a vast diversity of natural products. The methylation of these small molecules is... (Review)
Review
In plants, methylation is a common step in specialized metabolic pathways, leading to a vast diversity of natural products. The methylation of these small molecules is catalyzed by -adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases, which are categorized based on the methyl-accepting atom (, , , or ). These methyltransferases are responsible for the transformation of metabolites involved in plant defense response, pigments, and cell signaling. Plant natural product methyltransferases are part of the Class I methyltransferase-superfamily containing the canonical Rossmann fold. Recent advances in genomics have accelerated the functional characterization of plant natural product methyltransferases, allowing for the determination of substrate specificities and regioselectivity and further realizing the potential for enzyme engineering. This review compiles known biochemically characterized plant natural product methyltransferases that have contributed to our knowledge in the diversification of small molecules mediated by methylation steps.
Topics: Methyltransferases; Biological Products; Methylation; Plants; S-Adenosylmethionine; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 36615239
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010043 -
Current Biology : CB Apr 2021Circadian regulation has a pervasive influence upon plant development, physiology and metabolism, impacting upon components of fitness and traits of agricultural... (Review)
Review
Circadian regulation has a pervasive influence upon plant development, physiology and metabolism, impacting upon components of fitness and traits of agricultural importance. Circadian regulation is inextricably connected to the responses of plants to their abiotic environments, from the cellular to whole plant scales. Here, we review the crosstalk that occurs between circadian regulation and responses to the abiotic environment from the intracellular scale through to naturally fluctuating environments. We examine the spatial crosstalk that forms part of plant circadian regulation, at the subcellular, tissue, organ and whole-plant scales. This includes a focus on chloroplast and mitochondrial signalling, alternative splicing, long-distance circadian signalling and circadian regulation within natural environments. We also consider mathematical models for plant circadian regulation, to suggest future areas for advancing understanding of roles for circadian regulation in plant responses to environmental cues.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Environment; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33905701
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.046 -
The New Phytologist Feb 2019Contents Summary 1247 I. Introduction 1247 II. The UVR8-COP1 pathway 1248 III. The UVR8-WRKY36 pathway 1248 IV. The UVR8-BES1/BIM1 pathway 1249 V. Other pathways 1250... (Review)
Review
Contents Summary 1247 I. Introduction 1247 II. The UVR8-COP1 pathway 1248 III. The UVR8-WRKY36 pathway 1248 IV. The UVR8-BES1/BIM1 pathway 1249 V. Other pathways 1250 VI. Conclusion and perspectives 1250 Acknowledgements 1251 References 1251 SUMMARY: Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light is an intrinsic part of sunlight that has significant effects on plant development and acclimation responses. UVR8 (UV Resistance Locus 8) is the long sought-after UV-B photoreceptor that mediates UV-B light perception and signal transduction. UV-B irradiation induces the monomerization and nuclear accumulation of UVR8 in plant cells to activate the UV-B signaling pathway. The photoactivated UVR8 could transduce UV-B signal via multiple mechanisms to regulate transcription and plant growth. Here, we summarize current understanding of UVR8-mediated UV-B signal transduction pathways, including UVR8-COP1 (CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1) and UVR8-WRKY36 (WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 36), UVR8-BES1 (BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1) and BIM1 (BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE 1).
Topics: Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; Models, Biological; Plants; Signal Transduction; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 30315741
DOI: 10.1111/nph.15469 -
Bioscience Reports Oct 2020Plants integrate a variety of biotic and abiotic factors for optimal growth in their given environment. While some of these responses are local, others occur distally.... (Review)
Review
Plants integrate a variety of biotic and abiotic factors for optimal growth in their given environment. While some of these responses are local, others occur distally. Hence, communication of signals perceived in one organ to a second, distal part of the plant and the coordinated developmental response require an intricate signaling system. To do so, plants developed a bipartite vascular system that mediates the uptake of water, minerals, and nutrients from the soil; transports high-energy compounds and building blocks; and traffics essential developmental and stress signals. One component of the plant vasculature is the phloem. The development of highly sensitive mass spectrometry and molecular methods in the last decades has enabled us to explore the full complexity of the phloem content. As a result, our view of the phloem has evolved from a simple transport path of photoassimilates to a major highway for pathogens, hormones and developmental signals. Understanding phloem transport is essential to comprehend the coordination of environmental inputs with plant development and, thus, ensure food security. This review discusses recent developments in its role in long-distance signaling and highlights the role of some of the signaling molecules. What emerges is an image of signaling paths that do not just involve single molecules but rather, quite frequently an interplay of several distinct molecular classes, many of which appear to be transported and acting in concert.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Phloem; Plant Development; Plants; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 32955092
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20193329 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Plant development processes are regulated by epigenetic alterations that shape nuclear structure, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity; these alterations can... (Review)
Review
Plant development processes are regulated by epigenetic alterations that shape nuclear structure, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity; these alterations can provide the plant with protection from environmental stresses. During plant growth and development, these processes play a significant role in regulating gene expression to remodel chromatin structure. These epigenetic alterations are mainly regulated by transposable elements (TEs) whose abundance in plant genomes results in their interaction with genomes. Thus, TEs are the main source of epigenetic changes and form a substantial part of the plant genome. Furthermore, TEs can be activated under stress conditions, and activated elements cause mutagenic effects and substantial genetic variability. This introduces novel gene functions and structural variation in the insertion sites and primarily contributes to epigenetic modifications. Altogether, these modifications indirectly or directly provide the ability to withstand environmental stresses. In recent years, many studies have shown that TE methylation plays a major role in the evolution of the plant genome through epigenetic process that regulate gene imprinting, thereby upholding genome stability. The induced genetic rearrangements and insertions of mobile genetic elements in regions of active euchromatin contribute to genome alteration, leading to genomic stress. These TE-mediated epigenetic modifications lead to phenotypic diversity, genetic variation, and environmental stress tolerance. Thus, TE methylation is essential for plant evolution and stress adaptation, and TEs hold a relevant military position in the plant genome. High-throughput techniques have greatly advanced the understanding of TE-mediated gene expression and its associations with genome methylation and suggest that controlled mobilization of TEs could be used for crop breeding. However, development application in this area has been limited, and an integrated view of TE function and subsequent processes is lacking. In this review, we explore the enormous diversity and likely functions of the TE repertoire in adaptive evolution and discuss some recent examples of how TEs impact gene expression in plant development and stress adaptation.
Topics: DNA Methylation; DNA Transposable Elements; Epigenesis, Genetic; Plant Development; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 34768817
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111387 -
Plant, Cell & Environment May 2016Mitochondria play a central role in plant metabolism as they are a major source of ATP through synthesis by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and harbour key... (Review)
Review
Mitochondria play a central role in plant metabolism as they are a major source of ATP through synthesis by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and harbour key metabolic reactions such as the TCA cycle. The energy and building blocks produced by mitochondria are essential to drive plant growth and development as well as to provide fuel for responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome and have to be imported into the organelle. For the regulation of the corresponding genes intricate signalling pathways exist to adjust their expression. Signals directly regulate nuclear gene expression (anterograde signalling) to adjust the protein composition of the mitochondria to the needs of the cell. In parallel, mitochondria communicate back their functional status to the nucleus (retrograde signalling) to prompt transcriptional regulation of responsive genes via largely unknown signalling mechanisms. Plant hormones are the major signalling components regulating all layers of plant development and cellular functions. Increasing evidence is now becoming available that plant hormones are also part of signalling networks controlling mitochondrial function and their biogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the interaction of mitochondrial and hormonal signalling pathways.
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Mitochondria; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26763171
DOI: 10.1111/pce.12712