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Viruses Nov 2016Acquisition and transmission by an insect vector is central to the infection cycle of the majority of plant pathogenic viruses. Plant viruses can interact with their... (Review)
Review
Acquisition and transmission by an insect vector is central to the infection cycle of the majority of plant pathogenic viruses. Plant viruses can interact with their insect host in a variety of ways including both non-persistent and circulative transmission; in some cases, the latter involves virus replication in cells of the insect host. Replicating viruses can also elicit both innate and specific defense responses in the insect host. A consistent feature is that the interaction of the virus with its insect host/vector requires specific molecular interactions between virus and host, commonly via proteins. Understanding the interactions between plant viruses and their insect host can underpin approaches to protect plants from infection by interfering with virus uptake and transmission. Here, we provide a perspective focused on identifying novel approaches and research directions to facilitate control of plant viruses by better understanding and targeting virus-insect molecular interactions. We also draw parallels with molecular interactions in insect vectors of animal viruses, and consider technical advances for their control that may be more broadly applicable to plant virus vectors.
Topics: Animals; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Entomology; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Vectors; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Virology
PubMed: 27834855
DOI: 10.3390/v8110303 -
Viruses Feb 2021Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to... (Review)
Review
Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus-host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant-virus interactions have included light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Here, we review the use of these techniques in plant virology, illustrating recent advances in the area with examples from plant virus replication and virus plant-to-plant vertical transmission processes.
Topics: Animals; Host Microbial Interactions; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Microscopy, Confocal; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33668729
DOI: 10.3390/v13030358 -
The Plant Cell Aug 2021In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are... (Review)
Review
In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are excluded from plant meristems, which allows the regeneration of virus-free plant material by tissue culture. Second, vertical transmission of viruses to the host progeny is often inefficient, thereby reducing the danger of viral transmission through seeds. Numerous reports point to the existence of tightly linked meristematic and transgenerational antiviral barriers that remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that exclude viruses from plant stem cells and progeny. We also discuss the evidence connecting viral invasion of meristematic cells and the ability of plants to recover from acute infections. Research spanning decades performed on a variety of virus/host combinations has made clear that, beside morphological barriers, RNA interference (RNAi) plays a crucial role in preventing-or allowing-meristem invasion and vertical transmission. How a virus interacts with plant RNAi pathways in the meristem has profound effects on its symptomatology, persistence, replication rates, and, ultimately, entry into the host progeny.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Meristem; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; RNA Interference; Seeds
PubMed: 34015140
DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab140 -
Viruses May 2021Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented... (Review)
Review
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order . This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (), tenuiviruses (), and emaraviruses (), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
Topics: Bunyaviridae; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; RNA Viruses
PubMed: 34066457
DOI: 10.3390/v13050842 -
Viruses Sep 2020Plant viruses are emerging and re-emerging to cause important diseases in many plants that humans grow for food and/or fiber, and sustainable, effective strategies for...
Plant viruses are emerging and re-emerging to cause important diseases in many plants that humans grow for food and/or fiber, and sustainable, effective strategies for controlling many plant virus diseases remain unavailable [...].
Topics: Humans; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 32967099
DOI: 10.3390/v12091049 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Mar 2022Plant viral nanoparticles (plant VNPs) are promising biogenetic nanosystems for the delivery of therapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and diagnostic agents. The production of...
Plant viral nanoparticles (plant VNPs) are promising biogenetic nanosystems for the delivery of therapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and diagnostic agents. The production of plant VNPs is simple and highly scalable through molecular farming in plants. Some of the important advances in VNP nanotechnology include genetic modification, disassembly/reassembly, and bioconjugation. Although effective, these methods often involve complex and time-consuming multi-step protocols. Here, we report a simple and versatile supramolecular coating strategy for designing functional plant VNPs metal-phenolic networks (MPNs). Specifically, this method gives plant viruses [, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cowpea mosaic virus, and potato virus X] additional functionalities including photothermal transduction, photoacoustic imaging, and fluorescent labeling different components in MPN coating [, complexes of tannic acid (TA), metal ions (, Fe, Zr, or Gd), or fluorescent dyes (, rhodamine 6G and thiazole orange)]. For example, using TMV as a viral substrate by choosing Zr-TA and rhodamine 6G, fluorescence is observed peaking at 555 nm; by choosing Fe-TA coating, the photothermal conversion efficiency was increased from 0.8 to 33.2%, and the photoacoustic performance was significantly improved with a limit of detection of 17.7 μg mL. We further confirmed that TMV@Fe-TA nanohybrids show good cytocompatibility and excellent cell-killing performance in photothermal therapy with 808 nm irradiation. These findings not only prove the practical benefits of this supramolecular coating for designing multifunctional and biocompatible plant VNPs but also bode well for using such materials in a variety of plant virus-based theranostic applications.
Topics: Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Plant Viruses; Tobacco Mosaic Virus
PubMed: 35258299
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22690 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Nov 2019Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as... (Review)
Review
Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as autophagy, ubiquitination, mRNA decay and gene silencing, that target viral components. Viral factors work in synchrony with pro-viral host factors during the infection cycle and are targeted by antiviral responses. Accordingly, establishment of virus infection is genetically determined by the availability of the pro-viral factors necessary for genome replication and movement, and by the balance between plant defence and viral suppression of defence responses. Sequential requirement of pro-viral factors and the antagonistic activity of antiviral factors suggest a two-step model to explain plant-virus interactions. At each step of the infection process, host factors with antiviral activity have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of host factors with antiviral activity against plant viruses.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Genes, Plant; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Proteins; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 31286679
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12851 -
Viruses Apr 2022As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...].
As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...].
Topics: DNA Viruses; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; Viruses, Unclassified
PubMed: 35632605
DOI: 10.3390/v14050864 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2015Plant viruses can emerge into crops from wild plant hosts, or conversely from domestic (crop) plants into wild hosts. Changes in ecosystems, including loss of... (Review)
Review
Plant viruses can emerge into crops from wild plant hosts, or conversely from domestic (crop) plants into wild hosts. Changes in ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity and increases in managed croplands, can impact the emergence of plant virus disease. Although data are limited, in general the loss of biodiversity is thought to contribute to disease emergence. More in-depth studies have been done for human viruses, but studies with plant viruses suggest similar patterns, and indicate that simplification of ecosystems through increased human management may increase the emergence of viral diseases in crops.
Topics: Biodiversity; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Genetic Variation; Humans; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 25638504
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.005 -
Phytopathology Sep 2023Seed transmission is a major mode for plant virus persistence and dispersal, as it allows for virus survival within the seed in unfavorable conditions and facilitates...
Seed transmission is a major mode for plant virus persistence and dispersal, as it allows for virus survival within the seed in unfavorable conditions and facilitates spread when they become more favorable. To access these benefits, viruses require infected seeds to remain viable and germinate in altered environmental conditions, which may also be advantageous for the plant. However, how environmental conditions and virus infection affect seed viability, and whether these effects modulate seed transmission rate and plant fitness, is unknown. To address these questions, we utilized turnip mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and as model systems. Using seeds from plants infected by these viruses, we analyzed seed germination rates, as a proxy of seed viability, and virus seed transmission rate under standard and altered temperature, CO, and light intensity. With these data, we developed and parameterized a mathematical epidemiological model to explore the consequences of the observed alterations on virus prevalence and persistence. Altered conditions generally reduced overall seed viability and increased virus transmission rate compared with standard conditions, which indicated that under environmental stress, infected seeds are more viable. Hence, virus presence may be beneficial for the host. Subsequent simulations predicted that enhanced viability of infected seeds and higher virus transmission rate may increase virus prevalence and persistence in the host population under altered conditions. This work provides novel information on the influence of the environment in plant virus epidemics. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Topics: Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Seeds; Plants; Arabidopsis
PubMed: 36880795
DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-11-22-0448-V