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Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Dec 2023Skin warts are ubiquitous, self-limiting, benign neoplasms caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several studies have investigated the prevalence and diversity of HPV... (Review)
Review
Skin warts are ubiquitous, self-limiting, benign neoplasms caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several studies have investigated the prevalence and diversity of HPV types in the three main types of skin warts: common, plantar, and flat warts. Using different methodological approaches and diverse populations, several HPV types were detected in skin warts, but often the etiological link remained unconfirmed. This review addresses recently improved multiple strategies for investigating the presence of HPVs in skin warts, covering proper sampling techniques for HPV testing, choice of molecular method(s) for HPV detection, and assignment of the etiological causality of the tested skin wart to a causative HPV type using cellular viral load estimation. These novel approaches provide useful insight into the range of HPV types causing skin warts and support a refined understanding of their etiology. In addition, we conducted a literature review of the main studies examining HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts. Finally, HPV type-specific histopathological patterns in skin warts are briefly discussed.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; DNA, Viral; Warts; Skin; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 38126099
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Oct 2011Heel pain is a common presenting symptom in ambulatory clinics. There are many causes, but a mechanical etiology is most common. Location of pain can be a guide to the... (Review)
Review
Heel pain is a common presenting symptom in ambulatory clinics. There are many causes, but a mechanical etiology is most common. Location of pain can be a guide to the proper diagnosis. The most common diagnosis is plantar fasciitis, a condition that leads to medial plantar heel pain, especially with the first weight-bearing steps in the morning and after long periods of rest. Other causes of plantar heel pain include calcaneal stress fracture (progressively worsening pain following an increase in activity level or change to a harder walking surface), nerve entrapment (pain accompanied by burning, tingling, or numbness), heel pad syndrome (deep, bruise-like pain in the middle of the heel), neuromas, and plantar warts. Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition that causes posterior heel pain. Other tendinopathies demonstrate pain localized to the insertion site of the affected tendon. Posterior heel pain can also be attributed to a Haglund deformity, a prominence of the calcaneus that may cause bursa inflammation between the calcaneus and Achilles tendon, or to Sever disease, a calcaneal apophysitis in children. Medial midfoot heel pain, particularly with continued weight bearing, may be due to tarsal tunnel syndrome, which is caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it courses through the flexor retinaculum, medial calcaneus, posterior talus, and medial malleolus. Sinus tarsi syndrome occurs in the space between the calcaneus, talus, and talocalcaneonavicular and subtalar joints. The syndrome manifests as lateral midfoot heel pain. Differentiating among causes of heel pain can be accomplished through a patient history and physical examination, with appropriate imaging studies, if indicated.
Topics: Achilles Tendon; Calcaneus; Diagnosis, Differential; Fasciitis, Plantar; Foot Diseases; Fractures, Stress; Heel; Heel Spur; Humans; Pain; Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome; Tendinopathy
PubMed: 22010770
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2022
PubMed: 36226009
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_311_21 -
American Family Physician Sep 2001Several effective and inexpensive over-the-counter treatments are available for minor but troubling foot problems. In most cases, one week of therapy with topical... (Review)
Review
Several effective and inexpensive over-the-counter treatments are available for minor but troubling foot problems. In most cases, one week of therapy with topical terbinafine is effective for interdigital tinea pedis. Treatment of plantar warts with 17 percent salicylic acid with lactic acid in a collodion base is as effective as cryotherapy, but treatment must be sustained for several months. Toe sleeves and toe spacers can relieve pain from hard or soft corns. Metatarsal pads can relieve the pressure associated with plantar keratoses. Heel cups often can relieve pain caused by age-related thinning of the heel fat pad. Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of anteromedial heel pain caused by repetitive strain on the plantar fascia. Although the mainstay of therapy is stretching exercises, ready-made arch supports and insoles can be helpful adjuncts.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Foot Diseases; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Nonprescription Drugs; Orthotic Devices; Warts
PubMed: 11563570
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Mar 2003Molluscum contagiosum and warts are benign epidermal eruptions resulting from viral infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum eruptions are usually self-limited and... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum and warts are benign epidermal eruptions resulting from viral infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum eruptions are usually self-limited and without sequelae, although they can be more extensive in immunocompromised persons. Spontaneous disappearance of lesions is the norm, but treatment by local destruction (curettage, cryotherapy, or trichloroacetic acid) or immunologic modulation can shorten the disease course, possibly reducing autoinoculation and transmission. Warts result from a hyperkeratotic reaction to human papillomavirus infection; nongenital warts are classified as common, periungual, flat, filiform, or plantar, based on location and shape. Warts are treated by local destruction (acids, cryotherapy, electrodesiccation-curettage), chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The choice of treatment varies with the age and wishes of the patient, the potential side effects of the treatment, and the location of the lesions.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aminoquinolines; Cryotherapy; Curettage; Electrocoagulation; Humans; Imiquimod; Immunocompromised Host; Molluscum Contagiosum; Warts
PubMed: 12674451
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Medicine & Research Dec 2006Patients and clinicians experience the frustration of cutaneous viral warts caused by infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).Warts appear in various forms on... (Review)
Review
Patients and clinicians experience the frustration of cutaneous viral warts caused by infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).Warts appear in various forms on different sites of the body and include common warts (verruca vulgaris), plane or flat warts, myrmecia, plantar warts, coalesced mosaic warts, filiform warts, periungual warts, anogenital warts (venereal or condyloma acuminata), oral warts and respiratory papillomas. Cervical infection with HPV is now known to cause cervical cancer if untreated. A review of the medical literature reveals a huge armamentarium of wart monotherapies and combination therapies. Official evidence-based guidelines exist for the treatment of warts, but very few of the reported treatments have been tested by rigorous blinded, randomized controlled trials.Therefore, official recommendations do not often include treatments with reportedly high success rates, but they should not be ignored when considering treatment options. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive overview of the wart treatment literature to expand awareness of the options available to practitioners faced with patients presenting with problematic warts.
Topics: Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Humans; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 17210977
DOI: 10.3121/cmr.4.4.273 -
American Family Physician Apr 2020Cryosurgery is the application of freezing temperatures to achieve the destruction of tissue. Cutaneous cryosurgery has become a commonly performed outpatient procedure...
Cryosurgery is the application of freezing temperatures to achieve the destruction of tissue. Cutaneous cryosurgery has become a commonly performed outpatient procedure because of the combination of its safety, effectiveness, low cost, ease of use, lack of need for injectable anesthetic, and good cosmetic results. Cryosurgery may be performed in the outpatient setting using dipstick, spray, or cryoprobe techniques to treat a variety of benign, premalignant, and malignant skin lesions with high cure rates. Benign lesions such as common and plantar warts, anogenital condylomas, molluscum contagiosum, and seborrheic keratoses can be treated with cryotherapy. Basal and squamous cell carcinomas with low-risk features may be treated with cryosurgery. Contraindications to cryosurgery include neoplasms with indefinite margins or when pathology is desired, basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas with high-risk features, and prior adverse local reaction or hypersensitivity to cryosurgery. Potential adverse effects include bleeding, blistering, edema, paresthesia, and pain and less commonly include tendon rupture, scarring, alopecia, atrophy, and hypopigmentation.
Topics: Cryosurgery; Cryotherapy; Family Practice; Humans; Keratosis, Seborrheic; Molluscum Contagiosum; Skin Diseases; Warts
PubMed: 32227823
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Sep 2018Most foot disorders do not require podiatry referral or complex interventions. After the clinical diagnosis is made, these conditions can typically be managed with... (Review)
Review
Most foot disorders do not require podiatry referral or complex interventions. After the clinical diagnosis is made, these conditions can typically be managed with over-the-counter (OTC) and home remedies, with guidance from the primary care physician. Stretching and strengthening exercises, along with the use of heel cups, resolve most plantar fasciitis cases and are at least as effective as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or steroid injections. Hallux rigidus is best managed with a hard-soled shoe or rigid insert that relieves pain by restricting motion across the metatarsophalangeal joint. Hallux valgus responds to use of wide toe box shoes, and surgery is not clearly beneficial beyond one year. Plantar warts can be treated effectively at home with OTC salicylic acid and cryotherapy topical agents, which have equal effectiveness to liquid nitrogen. In patients with corns and calluses, OTC topical salicylic acid has short-term benefits, and pads and inserts that more evenly redistribute contact forces have long-term benefits. Inserts are commonly recommended to redistribute forefoot pressure and relieve pain. Several OTC preparations are available for the treatment of tinea pedis, with topical allylamines being the most effective. Although OTC topical treatments have been widely used for onychomycosis, they have poor long-term cure rates compared with prescription oral medications.
Topics: Fasciitis, Plantar; Foot Diseases; Hallux Rigidus; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsalgia; Nonprescription Drugs; Onychomycosis; Self-Management; Warts
PubMed: 30216025
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of General... 2021Cutaneous warts are benign epithelial skin lesions, caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). These warts can affect any part of the body, and the clinical presentation of...
BACKGROUND
Cutaneous warts are benign epithelial skin lesions, caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). These warts can affect any part of the body, and the clinical presentation of cutaneous warts is highly variable, making it difficult to diagnose. Dermoscopy is a relatively new, non-invasive, diagnostic tool, which can assist in the identification of different types of skin lesions.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this research article is to determine the effectiveness of dermoscopy in discerning the most common characteristics of cutaneous warts, in order to provide sufficient information on characteristic features of cutaneous warts, which may aid in differentiating cutaneous warts from other similar skin lesions.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 104 patients diagnosed with warts were included in our study. Each individual case had one of the four different types of warts: common warts (26 cases), palmer warts (27 cases), plantar warts (25 cases), flat warts (26 cases).
RESULTS
In this study, we found that a percentage of cutaneous warts appear clinically nonclassical, overlapping with other lesions. A 42% (11 cases) of common warts were clinically nonclassical, and all of these cases presented with papillomatous growth. Other presentations were dotted, linear vessels, hairpin-like vessels and bleeding spots. All palmar wart cases were classical, while 8% (2 cases) of plantar warts were clinically nonclassical. The dermoscopic presentations were papillomatous growth, bleeding spots, dotted and linear vessels, structureless yellowish-gray appearance. Flat wart consisted of 11.5% (3 cases) with nonclassical clinical presentation. The dermoscopic presentation includes dotted and linear vessels, bleeding spots. Red, whitish (pale) and red-gray backgrounds.
CONCLUSION
Dermoscopy can improve the accuracy of diagnosing different types of clinically nonclassical cutaneous warts, as well as help in distinguishing them from other similar skin lesions.
PubMed: 34938109
DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S335276 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Apr 2015Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Via infection of the basal epithelial cells, HPV causes numerous malignancies and... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Via infection of the basal epithelial cells, HPV causes numerous malignancies and noncancerous cutaneous manifestations. Noncancerous cutaneous manifestations of HPV, including common, plantar, plane, and anogenital warts, are among the most common reasons for an office visit. Although there are various therapies available, they are notoriously difficult to treat. HPV treatments can be grouped into destructive (cantharidin, salicylic acid), virucidal (cidofovir, interferon-α), antimitotic (bleomycin, podophyllotoxin, 5-fluorouracil), immunotherapy (Candida antigen, contact allergen immunotherapy, imiquimod) or miscellaneous (trichloroacetic acid, polyphenon E). The mechanism of action, recent efficacy data, safety profile and recommended regimen for each of these treatment modalities is discussed.
PubMed: 26239450
DOI: 10.3390/jcm4050832