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Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2022Maintaining the health of seafarers is a difficult task during long-term voyages. Little is known about the corresponding changes in the gut microbiome-host interaction....
Maintaining the health of seafarers is a difficult task during long-term voyages. Little is known about the corresponding changes in the gut microbiome-host interaction. This study recruited 30 seafarers undertaking a 6-month voyage and analyzed their gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota and an increased ratio of / at the end (day 180) of the 6-month voyage, relative to the start (day 0), were observed. At the genus level, the abundances of and were significantly increased, while the abundance of was decreased. Predicted microbial functional analysis revealed significant decreases in folate biosynthesis and biotin metabolism. Furthermore, 20 differential metabolites within six differentially enriched human metabolic pathways (including arginine biosynthesis, lysine degradation, phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism) were identified by comparing the fecal metabolites at day 0 and day 180. Spearman correlation analysis revealed close relationships between the 14 differential microbiota members and the six differential fecal metabolites that might affect specific human metabolic pathways. This study adopted a multi-omics approach and provides potential targets for maintaining the health of seafarers during long-term voyages. These findings are worthy of more in-depth exploration in future studies. Maintaining the health of seafarers undertaking long-term voyages is a difficult task. Apart from the alterations in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites after a long-term voyage, our study also revealed that 20 differential metabolites within six differentially enriched human metabolic pathways are worthy of attention. Moreover, we found close relationships between the 14 differential microbiota members and the six differential fecal metabolites that might impact specific human metabolic pathways. Accordingly, preventative measures, such as adjusting the gut microbiota by decreasing potential pathobionts or increasing potential probiotics as well as offsetting the decrease in B vitamins and beneficial metabolites (e.g., d-glucuronic acid and citrulline) via dietary adjustment or nutritional supplements, might improve the health of seafarers during long-term sea voyages. These findings provide valuable clues about gut microbiome-host interactions and propose potential targets for maintaining the health of seafarers engaged in long-term sea voyages.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vitamin B Complex; Citrulline; Biotin; Lysine; Metabolomics; Feces; Pentoses; Glucuronates; Glycine; Glucuronic Acid; Serine; Phenylalanine; Sphingolipids; Threonine; Arginine; Folic Acid
PubMed: 36197290
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01899-22 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jul 2008This review covers the O antigens of the 46 serotypes of Shigella, but those of most Shigella flexneri are variants of one basic structure, leaving 34 Shigella distinct... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
This review covers the O antigens of the 46 serotypes of Shigella, but those of most Shigella flexneri are variants of one basic structure, leaving 34 Shigella distinct O antigens to review, together with their gene clusters. Several of the structures and gene clusters are reported for the first time and this is the first such group for which structures and DNA sequences have been determined for all O antigens. Shigella strains are in effect Escherichia coli with a specific mode of pathogenicity, and 18 of the 34 O antigens are also found in traditional E. coli. Three are very similar to E. coli O antigens and 13 are unique to Shigella strains. The O antigen of Shigella sonnei is quite atypical for E. coli and is thought to have transferred from Plesiomonas. The other 12 O antigens unique to Shigella strains have structures that are typical of E. coli, but there are considerably more anomalies in their gene clusters, probably reflecting recent modification of the structures. Having the complete set of structures and genes opens the way for experimental studies on the role of this diversity in pathogenicity.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Biosynthetic Pathways; Carbohydrate Sequence; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Mutation; O Antigens; Shigella
PubMed: 18422615
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x -
PloS One 2021Acute gastrointestinal infection (AGI) represents a significant public health concern. To control and treat AGI, it is critical to quickly and accurately identify its...
Acute gastrointestinal infection (AGI) represents a significant public health concern. To control and treat AGI, it is critical to quickly and accurately identify its causes. The use of novel multiplex molecular assays for pathogen detection and identification provides a unique opportunity to improve pathogen detection, and better understand risk factors and burden associated with AGI in the community. In this study, de-identified results from BioFire® FilmArray® Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel were obtained from January 01, 2016 to October 31, 2018 through BioFire® Syndromic Trends (Trend), a cloud database. Data was analyzed to describe the occurrence of pathogens causing AGI across United States sites and the relative rankings of pathogens monitored by FoodNet, a CDC surveillance system were compared. During the period of the study, the number of tests performed increased 10-fold and overall, 42.6% were positive for one or more pathogens. Seventy percent of the detections were bacteria, 25% viruses, and 4% parasites. Clostridium difficile, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and norovirus were the most frequently detected pathogens. Seasonality was observed for several pathogens including astrovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus, EPEC, and Campylobacter. The co-detection rate was 10.2%. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Plesiomonas shigelloides, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and Entamoeba histolytica were detected with another pathogen over 60% of the time, while less than 30% of C. difficile and Cyclospora cayetanensis were detected with another pathogen. Positive correlations among co-detections were found between Shigella/Enteroinvasive E. coli with E. histolytica, and ETEC with EAEC. Overall, the relative ranking of detections for the eight GI pathogens monitored by FoodNet and BioFire Trend were similar for five of them. AGI data from BioFire Trend is available in near real-time and represents a rich data source for the study of disease burden and GI pathogen circulation in the community, especially for those pathogens not often targeted by surveillance.
Topics: Bacteria; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cloud Computing; Epidemiological Monitoring; Feces; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; United States; Viruses
PubMed: 33930062
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250767 -
BMC Genomics Mar 2022The ability of animals and their microbiomes to adapt to starvation and then restore homeostasis after refeeding is fundamental to their continued survival and...
BACKGROUND
The ability of animals and their microbiomes to adapt to starvation and then restore homeostasis after refeeding is fundamental to their continued survival and symbiosis. The intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption and microbiome interaction, however our understanding of intestinal adaptations to starvation and refeeding remains limited. Here we used RNA sequencing and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to uncover changes in the intestinal transcriptome and microbiome of zebrafish subjected to long-term starvation and refeeding compared to continuously fed controls.
RESULTS
Starvation over 21 days led to increased diversity and altered composition in the intestinal microbiome compared to fed controls, including relative increases in Vibrio and reductions in Plesiomonas bacteria. Starvation also led to significant alterations in host gene expression in the intestine, with distinct pathways affected at early and late stages of starvation. This included increases in the expression of ribosome biogenesis genes early in starvation, followed by decreased expression of genes involved in antiviral immunity and lipid transport at later stages. These effects of starvation on the host transcriptome and microbiome were almost completely restored within 3 days after refeeding. Comparison with published datasets identified host genes responsive to starvation as well as high-fat feeding or microbiome colonization, and predicted host transcription factors that may be involved in starvation response.
CONCLUSIONS
Long-term starvation induces progressive changes in microbiome composition and host gene expression in the zebrafish intestine, and these changes are rapidly reversed after refeeding. Our identification of bacterial taxa, host genes and host pathways involved in this response provides a framework for future investigation of the physiological and ecological mechanisms underlying intestinal adaptations to food restriction.
Topics: Animals; Intestines; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Transcriptome; Zebrafish
PubMed: 35317738
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08447-2 -
Virulence Dec 2023spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4... (Review)
Review
spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4 species included in the genus, is principally responsible for the disease in the developing world while is the main causative agent in high-income countries. Remarkably, as more countries improve their socioeconomic conditions, we observe an increase in the relative prevalence of . To date, the reasons behind this change in aetiology depending on economic growth are not understood. has been widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of the genus, but as more research data are collected, important discrepancies with have come to light. In comparison to can be differentiated in numerous aspects; it presents a characteristic O-antigen identical to that of one serogroup of the environmental bacterium , a group 4 capsule, antibacterial mechanisms to outcompete and displace gut commensal bacteria, and a poorer adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the significant threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of , demanding new approaches. This review gathers knowledge on what is known about within the context of other spp. and aims to open the door for future research on understanding the increasing spread of this pathogen.
Topics: Humans; Shigella sonnei; Virulence; Prevalence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Differentiation; Dysentery, Bacillary
PubMed: 37994877
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2280838 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Mar 2001The effects of medium composition, calcium, iron and oxygen tension on the haemolytic activity of Plesiomonas shigelloides were investigated.
AIMS
The effects of medium composition, calcium, iron and oxygen tension on the haemolytic activity of Plesiomonas shigelloides were investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The haemolytic activity of seven strains of Ple. shigelloides was tested on the surface of Luria Agar (LA), Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA) and Trypitic Soy Agar (TSA) containing 5% (v/v) sheep blood, and in the Agar Overlay (AO) assay. All strains produced beta-haemolysis in the AO assay in three media, and on the surface of LA. The kinetics of growth and haemolytic activity of Ple. shigelloides 9P3-1 were evaluated in six different media, and the highest production of haemolysin occurred in Luria Broth (LB). The haemolytic activity of 9P3-1 was stimulated by Ca2+ and inhibited by EDTA. Addition of iron to the culture medium did not affect bacterial growth, although it reduced bacterial haemolytic activity. In the presence of an iron chelator, growth of the 9P3-1 was inhibited, but its haemolytic activity was enhanced.
CONCLUSION
The haemolytic activity of Ple. shigelloides depends on medium composition, and that it is regulated by iron and is calcium-dependent.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
These results show the importance of optimization of media composition and oxygen tension for detection of Ple. shigelloides haemolytic activity.
Topics: Calcium; Culture Media; Hemolysin Proteins; Iron; Oxygen; Plesiomonas; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 11298246
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01270.x -
Journal of Applied Microbiology 2005The mechanism of the host cell invasion of Plesiomonas shigelloides and its capability to induce apoptosis were investigated.
AIMS
The mechanism of the host cell invasion of Plesiomonas shigelloides and its capability to induce apoptosis were investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We performed a time course experiment on the bacterial adherence and invasion of the P. shigelloides P-1 strain into Caco-2 cells using an invasion assay and flow cytometry. The adherence of P. shigelloides to the Caco-2 cells was almost completed within 10 min after the infection. Thereafter, P. shigelloides starts internalization within the Caco-2 cells, which was completed within 60 min after the infection. Based on the invasion assay using nocodazole, cytochalasin D, and genistein, it became clear that the mechanism of the internalization depended on the signal transduction followed by the rearrangement of the cytoskeletal protein. Based on the DNA laddering and TUNEL methods, the cytotoxicity of the Caco-2 cells by the invasion of P. shigelloides occurred through the induction of apoptosis.
CONCLUSIONS
This work demonstrated that the mechanism of invasion of P. shigelloides into Caco-2 cells and the invasion of P. shigelloides induces apoptotic cell death.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This work revealed the virulence factor, which may be important for understanding of the pathogenesis of P. shigelloides.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacteriological Techniques; Caco-2 Cells; Flow Cytometry; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Plesiomonas; Time Factors; Virulence
PubMed: 16313416
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02721.x -
The Canadian Journal of Infectious... Nov 1996A newborn infant is described who presented with septicemia and meningoencephalitis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides, a Gram-negative rod belonging to the family...
A newborn infant is described who presented with septicemia and meningoencephalitis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides, a Gram-negative rod belonging to the family Vibrionaceae. This appears to be the first documented case in a neonate in Canada. Despite prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics, he developed endophthalmitis and lytic brain lesions.
PubMed: 22514467
DOI: 10.1155/1996/404780 -
Marine Drugs 2011Marine microorganisms have evolved for millions of years to survive in the environments characterized by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters, e.g., high... (Review)
Review
Marine microorganisms have evolved for millions of years to survive in the environments characterized by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters, e.g., high pressure, low temperature or high salinity. Marine bacteria have the ability to produce a range of biologically active molecules, such as antibiotics, toxins and antitoxins, antitumor and antimicrobial agents, and as a result, they have been a topic of research interest for many years. Among these biologically active molecules, the carbohydrate antigens, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, O-antigens) found in cell walls of gram-negative marine bacteria, show great potential as candidates in the development of drugs to prevent septic shock due to their low virulence. The structural diversity of LPSs is thought to be a reflection of the ability for these bacteria to adapt to an array of habitats, protecting the cell from being compromised by exposure to harsh environmental stress factors. Over the last few years, the variety of structures of core oligosaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides from LPSs of marine microrganisms has been discovered. In this review, we discuss the most recently encountered structures that have been identified from bacteria belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Idiomarina, Microbulbifer, Pseudoalteromonas, Plesiomonas and Shewanella of the Gammaproteobacteria phylum; Sulfitobacter and Loktanella of the Alphaproteobactera phylum and to the genera Arenibacter, Cellulophaga, Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum. Particular attention is paid to the particular chemical features of the LPSs, such as the monosaccharide type, non-sugar substituents and phosphate groups, together with some of the typifying traits of LPSs obtained from marine bacteria. A possible correlation is then made between such features and the environmental adaptations undertaken by marine bacteria.
Topics: Alphaproteobacteria; Antigens, Bacterial; Aquatic Organisms; Biological Products; Flavobacterium; Gammaproteobacteria; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Lipopolysaccharides; Plesiomonas
PubMed: 22073003
DOI: 10.3390/md9101914 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 1987We report the 11th human case of bloodstream infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides. This was the first case without any apparent underlying immunocompromising disease,... (Review)
Review
We report the 11th human case of bloodstream infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides. This was the first case without any apparent underlying immunocompromising disease, and the patient was the first adult to survive the infection. We review all the extraintestinal cases associated with this organism, giving special attention to the clinical characteristics of the bloodstream infections reported previously.
Topics: Arthritis, Infectious; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Immunocompetence; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Sepsis; Vibrionaceae
PubMed: 3308955
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1791-1793.1987