-
Intravenous Polyethylene Glycol Alleviates Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Rodent Model.International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common clinical entity, and its outcome is unpredictable due to the triad of inflammation, increased permeability and...
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common clinical entity, and its outcome is unpredictable due to the triad of inflammation, increased permeability and bacterial translocation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound that is extensively used in pharmacology as an excipient in various products. More recently, this class of products have shown to have potent anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, immunosuppressive and cell-membrane-stabilizing properties. However, its effects on the outcome after intestinal IRI have not yet been investigated. We hypothesized that PEG administration would reduce the effects of intestinal IRI in rodents. In a previously described rat model of severe IRI (45 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion), we evaluated the effect of IV PEG administration at different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) before and after the onset of ischemia. In comparison to control animals, PEG administration stabilized the endothelial glycocalyx, leading to reduced reperfusion edema, bacterial translocation and inflammatory reaction as well as improved 7-day survival. These effects were seen both in a pretreatment and in a treatment setting. The fact that this product is readily available and safe should encourage further clinical investigations in settings of intestinal IRI, organ preservation and transplantation.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Rodentia; Polyethylene Glycols; Reperfusion Injury; Intestines; Organ Preservation
PubMed: 37445954
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310775 -
Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 2022Liver damage caused by drugs and other chemicals accounts for about 5% of all cases. Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid analogue, is a first-line synthetic antimetabolite...
PURPOSE
Liver damage caused by drugs and other chemicals accounts for about 5% of all cases. Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid analogue, is a first-line synthetic antimetabolite agent routinely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has antioxidant activity. In this study, we evaluated biochemically and histopathologically the antifibrotic effect of PEG 3350 administered intraperitoneally to prevent methotrexate-induced liver damage in rats.
METHODS
A total of 30 male rats including 10 rats was given no drugs (normal group), and 20 rats received single-dose 20 mg/kg MTXfor induced liver injury in this study. MTX was given to 20 rats, which were divided in two groups. Group 1 rats was given PEG30 mg/kg/day (Merck) intraperitoneally, and Group 2 rats % 0.9 NaCl saline 1 mL/kg/day intraperitoneally daily for two weeks.
RESULTS
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), liver MDA, serum tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), alanine aminotransferase and plasma pentraxin-3 levels and, according to tissue histopathology, hepatocyte necrosis, fibrosis and cellular infiltration were significantly better in MTX+PEG group than in MTX+saline group.
CONCLUSIONS
PEG 3350 is a hope for toxic hepatitis due to other causes, since liver damage occurs through oxidative stress and cell damage, similar to all toxic drugs.
Topics: Animals; Liver Diseases; Male; Malondialdehyde; Methotrexate; Oxidative Stress; Polyethylene Glycols; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 35894304
DOI: 10.1590/acb370507 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2018Nanogels are drug delivery systems that can bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs to the desired site when administered intranasally. They have been used as a... (Review)
Review
Nanogels are drug delivery systems that can bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver drugs to the desired site when administered intranasally. They have been used as a drug delivery platform for the management of brain diseases such as Alzheimer disease, migraine, schizophrenia and depression. nanogels have also been developed as vaccine carriers for the protection of bacterial infections such as influenza, meningitis, pneumonia and as veterinary vaccine carriers for the protection of animals from encephalomyelitis and mouth to foot disease. It has been developed as vaccine carriers for the prevention of lifestyle disease such as obesity. Intranasal administration of therapeutics using nanogels for the management of brain diseases revealed that the drug transportation was via the olfactory nerve pathway resulting in rapid drug delivery to the brain with excellent neuroprotective effect. The application of nanogels as vaccine carriers also induced significant responses associated with protective immunity against selected bacterial and viral infections. This review provides a detailed information on the enhanced therapeutic effects, mechanisms and biological efficacy of nanogels for intranasal administration.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Nanogels; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethyleneimine; Vaccines
PubMed: 29789506
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061241 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jun 2005
Review
Topics: Cathartics; Child; Child, Preschool; Constipation; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Infant; Polyethylene Glycols
PubMed: 15908637
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.072918 -
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and... 2011In this study, we evaluated the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on bovine intestine alkaline phosphatase (BIALP) activity and stability. In the hydrolysis of...
In this study, we evaluated the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on bovine intestine alkaline phosphatase (BIALP) activity and stability. In the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) at pH 9.8 at 20 °C, the k(cat)/K(m) values of BIALP plus 5-15% w/v free PEG with molecular masses of 1, 2, 6, and 20 kDa (PEG1000, PEG2000, PEG6000, and PEG20000 respectively) were 120-140%, 180-300%, 130-170%, and 110-140% respectively of that of BIALP without free PEG (1.8 µM(-1) s(-1)), indicating that activation by PEG2000 was the highest. Unmodified BIALP plus 5% PEG2000 and BIALP pegylated with 2,4-bis(O-methoxypolyethylene glycol)-6-chloro-s-triazine exhibited 1.3-fold higher activity on average than that of BIALP without free PEG under various conditions, including pH 7.0-10.0 and 20-65 °C. The temperatures reducing initial activity by 50% in 30-min incubation of unmodified BIALP plus 5% PEG2000 and pegylated BIALP were 51 and 47 °C respectively, similar to that of BIALP without free PEG (49 °C). These results indicate that the addition of PEG2000 and pegylation increase BIALP activity without affecting its stability, suggesting that they can be used in enzyme immunoassay with BIALP to increase sensitivity and rapidity.
Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cattle; Enzyme Stability; Intestines; Polyethylene Glycols
PubMed: 22056430
DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110403 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2019Peripheral nerve injury is a common posttraumatic complication. The precise surgical repair of nerve lesion does not always guarantee satisfactory motor and sensory...
Peripheral nerve injury is a common posttraumatic complication. The precise surgical repair of nerve lesion does not always guarantee satisfactory motor and sensory function recovery. Therefore, enhancement of the regeneration process is a subject of many research strategies. It is believed that polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediates axolemmal fusion, thus enabling the direct restoration of axon continuity. It also inhibits Wallerian degeneration and recovers nerve conduction. This systemic review, performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, describes and summarizes published studies on PEG treatment efficiency in various nerve injury types and repair techniques. Sixteen original experimental studies in animal models and one in humans were analyzed. PEG treatment superiority was reported in almost all experiments (based on favorable electrophysiological, histological, or behavioral results). To date, only one study attempted to transfer the procedure into the clinical phase. However, some technical aspects, e.g., the maximal delay between trauma and successful treatment, await determination. PEG therapy is a promising prospect that may improve the surgical treatment of peripheral nerve injuries in the clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Axons; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Polyethylene Glycols; Recovery of Function; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30909624
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061478 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine Nov 2010Due to their small particle size and large and modifiable surface, nanoparticles have unique advantages compared with other drug carriers. As a research focus in recent... (Review)
Review
Due to their small particle size and large and modifiable surface, nanoparticles have unique advantages compared with other drug carriers. As a research focus in recent years, polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) block copolymer and its end-group derivative nanoparticles can enhance the drug loading of hydrophobic drugs, reduce the burst effect, avoid being engulfed by phagocytes, increase the circulation time of drugs in blood, and improve bioavailability. Additionally, due to their smaller particle size and modified surface, these nanoparticles can accumulate in inflammation or target locations to enhance drug efficacy and reduce toxicity. Recent advances in PEG-PLA block copolymer nanoparticles, including the synthesis of PEG-PLA and the preparation of PEG-PLA nanoparticles, were introduced in this study, in particular the drug release and modifiable characteristics of PEG-PLA nanoparticles and their application in pharmaceutical preparations.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Nanoparticles; Polyethylene Glycols
PubMed: 21170353
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S14912 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023The interactions of the functional additives SPS (bis-(sodium-sulfopropyl)-disulfide) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of chloride ions were studied by...
The interactions of the functional additives SPS (bis-(sodium-sulfopropyl)-disulfide) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of chloride ions were studied by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) in combination with cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV). The PEG, thiolate, and chloride surface coverages were estimated and discussed in terms of their electrochemical suppressing/accelerating abilities. The conformational influence of both the gauche/trans thiolate molecules, as well as around C-C and C-O of PEG, on the electrochemical properties were discussed. The contribution of the hydrophobic interaction of -CH-CH- of PEG with chloride ions was only slightly reduced after the addition of SPS, while the contribution of Cu-PEG adducts diminished strongly. SPS and PEG demonstrated significant synergy by significant co-adsorption. It was shown that the suppressing abilities of PEG that rely on forming stable Cu-PEG adducts, identified in the form CHOCu and CHOCu, were significantly reduced after the addition of SPS. The major role of thiolate molecules adsorbed on a copper surface in reducing the suppressing abilities of PEG rely on the efficient capture of Cu ions, diminishing the available copper ions for the ethereal oxygen of PEG.
Topics: Polyethylene Glycols; Copper; Sodium; Chlorides; Disulfides; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
PubMed: 36615624
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010433 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Jun 2022Evaluation and comparison of polyglycerol- (PG-) and saccharide- (SA-) surfactants as "PEG-free"-alternative for polyethylene glycol- (PEG-) surfactants to tackle...
HYPOTHESIS
Evaluation and comparison of polyglycerol- (PG-) and saccharide- (SA-) surfactants as "PEG-free"-alternative for polyethylene glycol- (PEG-) surfactants to tackle autoxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and degradation of oxidation-prone active ingredients in colloidal systems.
EXPERIMENTS
30 different surfactants were screened for hydroperoxides (HPO), aldehydes, and acid formation serving as autoxidative markers. In a comparative set-up, selected surfactants of each head group type were investigated for temperature- and photo-induced ROS formation. Oxidation markers, as well as the degradation of ß-carotene as model active ingredient in colloidal systems were monitored.
FINDINGS
The screening revealed elevated HPO and aldehyde levels for both PG and PEG surfactants, unlike SA surfactants, suggesting similar autooxidation processes due to their polyether substructure. However, in a comparative set-up, PEG-surfactants showed irrespective of the stress conditions or the colloidal systems at least 4-fold higher HPO and aldehyde concentrations, as well as more pronounced pH drops compared to PG- and SA-surfactants. ß-Carotene oxidation was 40- to 50-fold lower in colloidal systems based on PG- or SA-surfactants, confirming reduced ROS formation by "PEG-free"-surfactants. Moreover, superior autoxidation and degradation stability under oxidative conditions resulted in improved colloidal stability of PG- and SA-surfactant based systems. Hence, "PEG-free"- surfactants represent a causal approach to mitigate autoxidation processes in oxidation-prone pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Topics: Aldehydes; Carotenoids; Polyethylene Glycols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35228052
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.092 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 1983Methanogenic enrichments capable of degrading polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol were obtained from sewage sludge. Ethanol, acetate, methane, and (in the case of...
Methanogenic enrichments capable of degrading polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol were obtained from sewage sludge. Ethanol, acetate, methane, and (in the case of polyethylene glycols) ethylene glycol were detected as products. The sequence of product formation suggested that the ethylene oxide unit [HO-(CH2-CH2-O-)xH] was dismutated to acetate and ethanol; ethanol was subsequently oxidized to acetate by a syntrophic association that produced methane. The rates of degradation for ethylene, diethylene, and polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 400, 1,000, and 20,000, respectively, were inversely related to the number of ethylene oxide monomers per molecule and ranged from 0.84 to 0.13 mM ethylene oxide units degraded per h. The enrichments were shown to best metabolize glycols close to the molecular weight of the substrate on which they were enriched. The anaerobic degradation of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 20,000) may be important in the light of the general resistance of polyethylene glycols to aerobic degradation.
Topics: Acetates; Biodegradation, Environmental; Ethanol; Ethylene Glycols; Ethylene Oxide; Euryarchaeota; Molecular Weight; Polyethylene Glycols; Sewage
PubMed: 6614903
DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.1.185-190.1983