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Nature Reviews. Genetics Jun 2004Genomics resources that use samples from identified populations raise scientific, social and ethical issues that are, in many ways, inextricably linked. Scientific... (Review)
Review
Genomics resources that use samples from identified populations raise scientific, social and ethical issues that are, in many ways, inextricably linked. Scientific decisions about which populations to sample to produce the HapMap, an international genetic variation resource, have raised questions about the relationships between the social identities used to recruit participants and the biological findings of studies that will use the HapMap. The sometimes problematic implications of those complex relationships have led to questions about how to conduct genetic variation research that uses identified populations in an ethical way, including how to involve members of a population in evaluating the risks and benefits posed for everyone who shares that identity. The ways in which these issues are linked is increasingly drawing the scientific and ethical spheres of genomics research closer together.
Topics: Databases, Genetic; Genetic Privacy; Genetic Variation; Genome, Human; Genomics; Haplotypes; Humans; Informed Consent; International Cooperation; Population Groups; Sampling Studies
PubMed: 15153999
DOI: 10.1038/nrg1351 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2020: The effect of circadian disruption on the bio-psychological clock system has been widely studied. However, the mechanism and the association of circadian rhythm...
: The effect of circadian disruption on the bio-psychological clock system has been widely studied. However, the mechanism and the association of circadian rhythm disruption with mental health and physiological responses are still unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of circadian rhythm disruption on mental health and physiological responses among shift workers and the general population. : A total of 42 subjects participated in this quasi-experimental study. Participants were divided into a group of shift workers ( = 20) and a general population group ( = 22). Polysomnography tests, blood tests (cortisol, triglycerides and glucose), and psychological tests (Abbreviated Profile of Mood States, General Health Questionnaire-28, Working Memory and Processing Speed Indexes of the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale (WAIS-IV) were used to examine the effects of circadian rhythm disruption. : The results showed a significant relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and mood ( = 0.305, < 0.05). The findings of this study also indicated that there was a significant effect of circadian rhythm disruption on mood (F(2,40) = 8.89, < 0.001, η =0.182), processing speed (F(2,40) = 9.17, < 0.001, η = 0.186) and working memory (F(2,40) = 4.963, < 0.01, η = 0.11) in shift workers and the general population. : Our findings showed that circadian rhythm disruption affects mood and cognitive performance, but it does not significantly affect psychological wellbeing and physiological responses. Future studies are warranted to examine moderator and mediator variables that could influence the circadian rhythm disruption.
Topics: Adult; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Mental Health; Polysomnography; Population Groups; Work Schedule Tolerance
PubMed: 33007836
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197156 -
American Journal of Public Health Jan 2013
Topics: Climate Change; Health Status; Humans; Population Groups
PubMed: 23153162
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301100 -
Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.... 2022Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, and rates vary by race and ethnicity. An analysis of suicide across large US cities is absent from the...
OBJECTIVES
Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, and rates vary by race and ethnicity. An analysis of suicide across large US cities is absent from the literature. The objective of this study was to examine suicide rates among the total population, non-Hispanic Black population, and non-Hispanic White population in the United States and in the 30 largest US cities.
METHODS
We used data from the National Vital Statistics System to calculate non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and total age-adjusted suicide rates for the 30 largest US cities and for the entire nation during 2 periods: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. We also examined absolute and relative differences in suicide rates among non-Hispanic White populations and non-Hispanic Black populations in each city.
RESULTS
The overall age-adjusted suicide rate per 100 000 population in the United States increased significantly from 12.3 in 2008-2012 to 13.5 in 2013-2017. Total suicide rates were stable in most cities; rates increased significantly in only 1 city (Louisville), and rates decreased significantly in 2 cities (Boston and Memphis). The non-Hispanic White suicide rate was significantly higher-1.3 to 4.3 times higher-than the non-Hispanic Black suicide rate in 24 of 26 study cities during 2013-2017. From 2008-2012 to 2013-2017, non-Hispanic White suicide rates decreased significantly in 3 cities and increased significantly in 3 cities; non-Hispanic Black suicide rates increased significantly in 5 cities and decreased in none. Absolute differences in suicide rates among non-Hispanic White populations and non-Hispanic Black populations increased significantly in 1 city (Louisville) and decreased significantly in 2 cities (Memphis and Boston).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study may inform the use of evidence-based programs and practices to address population-level risk factors for suicide.
Topics: Black or African American; Black People; Cities; Ethnicity; Humans; Suicide; United States
PubMed: 34478341
DOI: 10.1177/00333549211041548 -
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2020to compare the metabolic, anthropometric, tobacco and alcohol consumption indicators considered as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, as well as the demographic... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVES
to compare the metabolic, anthropometric, tobacco and alcohol consumption indicators considered as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, as well as the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics between indigenous from Rio Negro, Sateré-Mawé, mixed-race/black and white people living in the city of Manaus.
METHODS
a cross-sectional observational study guided by the STROBE tool. There was a sample of 191 adults of both sexes. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and biochemical analyzes were performed. Statistical test was applied to cross color/race/ethnicity variable with the investigated variables.
RESULTS
indigenous had better metabolic and anthropometric indicators related to cardiovascular diseases than mixed-race/black and white, as well as Sateré-Mawé in relation to Rionegrinos (from Rio Negro).
CONCLUSIONS
the main differences were obesity, dyslipidemia, pre-systemic arterial hypertension/systemic arterial hypertension, and increased circumferences, with a worse situation for mixed-race/black people. The findings indicate differences in risk factors between race/color and ethnicity groups evaluated.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Black People; Brazil; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnicity; Female; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Population Groups
PubMed: 32578730
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0918 -
BMC Medical Education May 2023Kohlberg's theory of moral development asserts that people progress through different stages of moral reasoning as their cognitive abilities and social interactions...
BACKGROUND
Kohlberg's theory of moral development asserts that people progress through different stages of moral reasoning as their cognitive abilities and social interactions mature. Individuals at the lowest stage of moral reasoning (preconventional stage) judge moral issues based on self-interest, those with a medium stage (conventional stage) judge them based on compliance with rules and norms, and those at the highest stage (postconventional stage) judge moral issues based on universal principles and shared ideals. Upon attaining adulthood, it can be considered that there is stability in the stage of individuals' moral development; however, the effect of a global population crisis such as the one experienced in March 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the moral reasoning of pediatric residents before and after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare them with a general population group.
METHODS
This is a naturalistic quasi-experimental study conducted with two groups, one comprised 47 pediatric residents of a tertiary hospital converted into a COVID hospital during the pandemic and another group comprised 47 beneficiaries of a family clinic who were not health workers. The defining issues test (DIT) was applied to the 94 participants during March 2020, before the pandemic initiated in Mexico, and later during March 2021. To assess intragroup changes, the McNemar-Bowker and Wilcoxon tests were used.
RESULTS
Pediatric residents showed higher baseline stages of moral reasoning: 53% in the postconventional group compared to the general population group (7%). In the preconventional group, 23% were residents and 64% belonged to the general population. In the second measurement, one year after the start of the pandemic, the group of residents had a significant decrease of 13 points in the P index, unlike the general population group in which a decrease of 3 points was observed. This decrease however, did not equalize baseline stages. Pediatric residents remained 10 points higher than the general population group. Moral reasoning stages were associated with age and educational stage.
CONCLUSIONS
After a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found a decrease in the stage of moral reasoning development in pediatric residents of a hospital converted for the care of patients with COVID-19, while it remained stable in the general population group. Physicians showed higher stages of moral reasoning at baseline than the general population.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adult; Population Groups; Pandemics; COVID-19; Morals; Moral Development
PubMed: 37226125
DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04265-6 -
American Journal of Human Genetics Dec 2018Learning the transmission history of alleles through a family or population plays an important role in evolutionary, demographic, and medical genetic studies. Most...
Learning the transmission history of alleles through a family or population plays an important role in evolutionary, demographic, and medical genetic studies. Most classical models of population genetics have attempted to do so under the assumption that the genealogy of a population is unavailable and that its idiosyncrasies can be described by a small number of parameters describing population size and mate choice dynamics. Large genetic samples have increased sensitivity to such modeling assumptions, and large-scale genealogical datasets become a useful tool to investigate realistic genealogies. However, analyses in such large datasets are often intractable using conventional methods. We present an efficient method to infer transmission paths of rare alleles through population-scale genealogies. Based on backward-time Monte Carlo simulations of genetic inheritance, we use an importance sampling scheme to dramatically speed up convergence. The approach can take advantage of available genotypes of subsets of individuals in the genealogy including haplotype structure as well as information about the mode of inheritance and general prevalence of a mutation or disease in the population. Using a high-quality genealogical dataset of more than three million married individuals in the Quebec founder population, we apply the method to reconstruct the transmission history of chronic atrial and intestinal dysrhythmia (CAID), a rare recessive disease. We identify the most likely early carriers of the mutation and geographically map the expected carrier rate in the present-day French-Canadian population of Quebec.
Topics: Alleles; Biological Evolution; Databases, Genetic; Female; Genetics, Population; Haplotypes; Humans; Male; Mutation; Pedigree; Population Groups; Quebec; Rare Diseases; Wills
PubMed: 30526866
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.017 -
Progress in Community Health... 2021The purpose of this study was to develop a culturally appropriate, community-based diabetes prevention program, named Little Earth Strong, through partnership with an...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a culturally appropriate, community-based diabetes prevention program, named Little Earth Strong, through partnership with an urban, Indigenous, American Indian community and determine its feasibility in lowering diabetes risks.
METHODS
Using a community-based participatory research, community-level intervention approach, and after conducting a focus groups with key stakeholders (n = 20), a culturally appropriate health intervention was designed across six stages. This included providing nutrition and physical activity individual, family, and group counseling and conducting individual level biometric tests at a monthly Progress Powwow. Community participants (n = 69) included Indigenous individuals ages 18 to 64 years and their families residing in an urban American Indian housing organization.
RESULTS
Findings included the project's feasibility, sustainability, and future needs. Lessons learned included the need the need to situate health interventions within Indigenous culture, engage multiple stakeholders, remain flexible and inclusive of all community members, address cultural concerns regarding biometric testing, and focus on specific ages and groups. The outcome variables included qualitative focus group data regarding feasibility and design and quantitative biometric data including hemoglobin A1C levels and weight in which a significant decrease in A1C values were found among womenConclusions: Little Earth Strong was both feasible and successful in decreasing A1C levels using a community-level approach, especially in high participators who attended most events. These results demonstrate the promise of diabetes prevention fitness and nutrition interventions that are collaboratively designed with the community.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Community-Based Participatory Research; Diabetes Mellitus; Exercise; Focus Groups; Humans; Indians, North American; Middle Aged; Population Groups; Young Adult; American Indian or Alaska Native
PubMed: 33775957
DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2021.0001 -
Global Public Health Jan 2023In 2019, the Doña Ana Wellness Institute (DAWI), Doña Ana County, New Mexico's health council, sponsored two trainings in structural competency by the Structural...
In 2019, the Doña Ana Wellness Institute (DAWI), Doña Ana County, New Mexico's health council, sponsored two trainings in structural competency by the Structural Competency Working Group. One focused on health care professionals and learners; the other focused on government, non-profit organisations, and elected officials. DAWI and New Mexico Human Services Department (HSD) representatives attended the trainings and identified the structural competency model as useful for the health equity work both groups were already engaging. These trainings provided the foundation for DAWI and HSD to develop additional trainings, programmes, and curricula founded on structural competency and focused on supporting health equity work.This article describes how DAWI and HSD used the structural competency framework to deepen our work, including how we have expanded the concept beyond its original orientation to support strategic planning, improve communication, and build structurally competent communities. We illustrate how the framework strengthened our existing community and state work and how we adapted the model to better fit our work. Adaptations included changes in language, the use of the lived experiences of organisation members as a foundation for structural competency education, and a recognition that policy work happens at multiple levels and in multiple ways for organisations.
Topics: Humans; New Mexico; Health Equity; Population Groups; Communication; Education, Medical
PubMed: 36803417
DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2176003 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2017Skin disease occur worldwide, affecting people of all nationalities and all skin types. These diseases may have a genetic component and may manifest differently in...
Skin disease occur worldwide, affecting people of all nationalities and all skin types. These diseases may have a genetic component and may manifest differently in specific population groups; however, there has been little study on this aspect. If population-based differences exist, it is reasonable to assume that understanding these differences may optimize treatment. While there is a relative paucity of information about similarities and differences in skin diseases around the world, the knowledge-base is expanding. One challenge in understanding population-based variations is posed by terminology used in the literature: including ethnic skin, Hispanic skin, Asian skin, and skin of color. As will be discussed in this article, we recommend that the first three descriptors are no longer used in dermatology because they refer to nonspecific groups of people. In contrast, "skin of color" may be used - perhaps with further refinements in the future - as a term that relates to skin biology and provides relevant information to dermatologists.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Asian; Black People; Ethnicity; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Racial Groups; Skin Diseases; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 28538883
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20174846