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Gut Jun 1961Potassium replacement is often an important therapeutic measure, and the advantages of effervescing potassium-containing granules are put forward in this article.
Potassium replacement is often an important therapeutic measure, and the advantages of effervescing potassium-containing granules are put forward in this article.
Topics: Biological Therapy; Humans; Hypokalemia; Potassium; Potassium Deficiency
PubMed: 13692297
DOI: 10.1136/gut.2.2.186 -
3 Biotech Mar 2022In plants, the HAK/KUP/KT family is the largest group of potassium transporters, and it plays an important role in mineral element absorption, plant growth,...
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of HAK/KUP/KT potassium transporter provides insights into genes involved in responding to potassium deficiency and salt stress in pepper ( L.).
UNLABELLED
In plants, the HAK/KUP/KT family is the largest group of potassium transporters, and it plays an important role in mineral element absorption, plant growth, environmental stress adaptation, and symbiosis. Although these important genes have been investigated in many plant species, limited information is currently available on the genes for Pepper ( L.). In the present study, a total of 20 genes were identified from the pepper genome and the genes were numbered 1 - 20 based on phylogenetic analysis. For the genes and their corresponding proteins, the physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal distribution, gene structure, conserved motifs, gene duplication events, and expression patterns were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis divided genes into four cluster (I-IV) based on their structural features and the topology of the phylogenetic tree. Purifying selection played a crucial role in the evolution of genes, while whole-genome triplication contributed to the expansion of the gene family. The expression patterns showed that CaHAK proteins exhibited functional divergence in terms of plant K uptake and salt stress response. In particular, transcript abundance of and was strongly and specifically up-regulated in pepper roots under low K or high salinity conditions, suggesting that these genes are candidates for high-affinity K uptake transporters and may play crucial roles in the maintenance of the Na/K balance during salt stress in pepper. In summary, the results not only provided the important information on the characteristics and evolutionary relationships of CaHAKs, but also provided potential genes responding to potassium deficiency and salt stress.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03136-z.
PubMed: 35251880
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03136-z -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022In order to explore the effect of potassium (K) deficiency on nitrogen (N) metabolism in sweet potato ( L.), a hydroponic experiment was conducted with two genotypes...
In order to explore the effect of potassium (K) deficiency on nitrogen (N) metabolism in sweet potato ( L.), a hydroponic experiment was conducted with two genotypes (Xushu 32, low-K-tolerant; Ningzishu 1, low-K-sensitive) under two K treatments (-K, <0.03 mM of K; +K, 5 mM of K) in the greenhouse of Jiangsu Normal University. The results showed that K deficiency decreased root, stem, and leaf biomass by 13%-58% and reduced whole plant biomass by 24%-35%. Compared to +K, the amount of K and K accumulation in sweet potato leaves and roots was significantly decreased by increasing root K efflux in K-deficiency-treated plants. In addition, leaf K, N, ammonium nitrogen (NH -N), or nitrate nitrogen (NO -N) in leaves and roots significantly reduced under K deficiency, and leaf K content had a significant quadratic relationship with soluble protein, NO -N, or NH -N in leaves and roots. Under K deficiency, higher glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity did not increase amino acid synthesis in roots; however, the range of variation in leaves was larger than that in roots with increased amino acid in roots, indicating that the transformation of amino acids into proteins in roots and the amino acid export from roots to leaves were not inhibited. K deficiency decreased the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR), even if the transcription level of and increased, decreased, or remained unchanged. The NO /NH ratio in leaves and roots under K deficiency decreased, except in Ningzishu 1 leaves. These results indicated that for Ningzishu 1, more NO was stored under K deficiency in leaves, and the NR and NiR determined the response to K deficiency in leaves. Therefore, the resistance of NR and NiR activities to K deficiency may be a dominant factor that ameliorates the growth between Xushu 32 and Ningzishu 1 with different low-K sensitivities.
PubMed: 36561445
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1069181 -
BMC Plant Biology Dec 2022Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a herb within the Quinoa subfamily of Amaranthaceae, with remarkable environmental adaptability. Its edible young leaves and grains...
BACKGROUND
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a herb within the Quinoa subfamily of Amaranthaceae, with remarkable environmental adaptability. Its edible young leaves and grains are rich in protein, amino acids, microorganisms, and minerals. Although assessing the effects of fertilization on quinoa yield and quality has become an intensive area of research focus, the associated underlying mechanisms remain unclear. As one of the three macro nutrients in plants, potassium has an important impact on plant growth and development. In this study, extensive metabolome and transcriptome analyses were conducted in quinoa seedlings 30 days after fertilizer application to characterize the growth response mechanism to potassium. RESULTS: The differential metabolites and genes present in the seedlings of white and red quinoa cultivars were significantly enriched in the photosynthetic pathway. Moreover, the PsbQ enzyme on photosystem II and delta enzyme on ATP synthase were significantly down regulated in quinoa seedlings under potassium deficiency. Additionally, the differential metabolites and genes of red quinoa seedlings were significantly enriched in the arginine biosynthetic pathway.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide a more thorough understanding of the molecular changes in quinoa seedlings that occur under deficient, relative to normal, potassium levels. Furthermore, this study provides a theoretical basis regarding the importance of potassium fertilizers, as well as their efficient utilization by growing quinoa seedlings.
Topics: Chenopodium quinoa; Seedlings; Transcriptome; Potassium; Metabolome
PubMed: 36539684
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03928-8 -
Molecular Plant Mar 2010Potassium (K(+)) is one of the essential macronutrients for plant growth and development. However, K(+) content in soils is usually limited so that the crop yields are... (Review)
Review
Potassium (K(+)) is one of the essential macronutrients for plant growth and development. However, K(+) content in soils is usually limited so that the crop yields are restricted. Plants may adapt to K(+)-deficient environment by adjusting their physiological and morphological status, indicating that plants may have evolved their sensing and signaling mechanisms in response to K(+)-deficiency. This short review particularly discusses some components as possible sensors or signal transducers involved in plant sensing and signaling in response to K(+)-deficiency, such as K(+) channels and transporters, H(+)-ATPase, some cytoplasmic enzymes, etc. Possible involvement of Ca²(+) and ROS signals in plant responses to K(+)-deficiency is also discussed.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Models, Biological; Plants; Potassium; Potassium Channels; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 20339156
DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq006 -
BioMed Research International 2020The K transporter/high-affinity K/K uptake (KT/HAK/KUP) transporters dominate K uptake, transport, and allocation that play a pivotal role in mineral homeostasis and...
The K transporter/high-affinity K/K uptake (KT/HAK/KUP) transporters dominate K uptake, transport, and allocation that play a pivotal role in mineral homeostasis and plant adaptation to adverse abiotic stresses. However, molecular mechanisms towards K nutrition in forest trees are extremely rare, especially in willow. In this study, we identified 22 KT/HAK/KUP transporter genes in purple osier willow (designated as to ) and examined their expression under K deficiency, drought, and salt stress conditions. Both transcriptomic and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses demonstrated that were predominantly expressed in stems, and the expression levels of , , , , and were higher at the whole plant level, whereas , , , and were hardly detected in tested tissues. In addition, both K deficiency and salt stress decreased the tissue K content, while drought increased the tissue K content in purple osier plant. Moreover, genes were differentially responsive to K deficiency, drought, and salt stresses in roots. K deficiency and salt stress mainly enhanced the expression level of responsive genes. Fifteen putative -acting regulatory elements, including the stress response, hormone response, circadian regulation, and nutrition and development, were identified in the promoter region of genes. Our findings provide a foundation for further functional characterization of KT/HAK/KUP transporters in forest trees and may be useful for breeding willow rootstocks that utilize potassium more efficiently.
Topics: Cation Transport Proteins; Droughts; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Potassium; Salix; Salt Stress; Transcriptome
PubMed: 32596286
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2690760 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2019Alligator weed is reported to have a strong ability to adapt to potassium deficiency stress. Proteomic changes in response to this stress are largely unknown in...
Alligator weed is reported to have a strong ability to adapt to potassium deficiency stress. Proteomic changes in response to this stress are largely unknown in alligator weed seedlings. In this study, we performed physiological and comparative proteomics of alligator weed seedlings between normal growth (CK) and potassium deficiency (LK) stress using 2-DE techniques, including root, stem and leaf tissues. Seedling height, soluble sugar content, PGK activity and HO contents were significantly altered after 15 d of LK treatment. A total of 206 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. There were 72 DEPs in the root, 79 in the stem, and 55 in the leaves. The proteomic results were verified using western blot and qRT-PCR assays. The most represented KEGG pathway was "Carbohydrate and energy metabolism" in the three samples. The "Protein degradation" pathway only existed in the stem and root, and the "Cell cycle" pathway only existed in the root. Protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated that the interacting proteins detected were the most common in the stem, with 18 proteins. Our study highlights protein changes in alligator weed seedling under LK stress and provides new information on the comprehensive analysis of the protein network in plant potassium nutrition.
Topics: Amaranthaceae; Plant Diseases; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Potassium; Proteome; Proteomics; Seedlings; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 31758026
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53916-6 -
Scientific Reports May 2015Potassium (K(+)) deficiency as a common abiotic stress can inhibit the growth of plants and thus reduce the agricultural yields. Nevertheless, scarcely any development...
Potassium (K(+)) deficiency as a common abiotic stress can inhibit the growth of plants and thus reduce the agricultural yields. Nevertheless, scarcely any development has been promoted in wheat transcriptional changes under K(+) deficiency. Here we investigated root transcriptional changes in two wheat genotypes, namely, low-K(+) tolerant "Tongzhou916" and low-K(+) susceptible "Shiluan02-1". There were totally 2713 and 2485 probe sets displayed expression changes more than 1.5-fold in Tongzhou916 and Shiluan02-1, respectively. Low-K(+) responsive genes mainly belonged to the categories as follows: metabolic process, cation binding, transferase activity, ion transporters and so forth. We made a comparison of gene expression differences between the two wheat genotypes. There were 1321 and 1177 up-regulated genes in Tongzhou916 and Shiluan02-1, respectively. This result indicated that more genes took part in acclimating to low-K(+) stress in Tongzhou916. In addition, there were more genes associated with jasmonic acid, defense response and potassium transporter up-regulated in Tongzhou916. Moreover, totally 19 genes encoding vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase, ethylene-related, auxin response, anatomical structure development and nutrient reservoir were uniquely up-regulated in Tongzhou916. For their important role in root architecture, K(+) uptake and nutrient storage, unique genes above may make a great contribution to the strong low-K(+) tolerance in Tongzhou916.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Genotype; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Potassium; Potassium Deficiency; Reproducibility of Results; Stress, Physiological; Transcriptome; Triticum
PubMed: 25985414
DOI: 10.1038/srep10090 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021To properly understand cotton responses to potassium (K) deficiency and how its shoot feedback regulates K uptake and root growth, we analyzed the changes in root...
To properly understand cotton responses to potassium (K) deficiency and how its shoot feedback regulates K uptake and root growth, we analyzed the changes in root transcriptome induced by low K (0.03 mM K, lasting three days) in self-grafts of a K inefficient cotton variety (CCRI41/CCRI41, scion/rootstock) and its reciprocal grafts with a K efficient variety (SCRC22/CCRI41). Compared with CCRI41/CCRI41, the SCRC22 scion enhanced the K uptake and root growth of CCRI41 rootstock. A total of 1968 and 2539 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the roots of CCRI41/CCRI41 and SCRC22/CCRI41 in response to K deficiency, respectively. The overlapped and similarly (both up- or both down-) regulated DEGs in the two grafts were considered the basic response to K deficiency in cotton roots, whereas the DEGs only found in SCRC22/CCRI41 (1954) and those oppositely (one up- and the other down-) regulated in the two grafts might be the key factors involved in the feedback regulation of K uptake and root growth. The expression level of four putative K transporter genes (three and one ) increased in both grafts under low K, which could enable plants to cope with K deficiency. In addition, two ethylene response factors (ERFs), and , both down-regulated in the roots of CCRI41/CCRI41 and SCRC22/CCRI41, may negatively regulate K uptake in cotton roots due to higher net K uptake rate in their virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants. In terms of feedback regulation of K uptake and root growth, several up-regulated DEGs related to Ca binding and CIPK (CBL-interacting protein kinases), one up-regulated and several up-regulated probably play important roles. In conclusion, these results provide a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in basic response to low K stress in cotton roots and feedback regulation of K uptake, and present several low K tolerance-associated genes that need to be further identified and characterized.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biomass; Chlorophyll; Computational Biology; Feedback, Physiological; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gossypium; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Phenotype; Plant Roots; Potassium; Potassium Deficiency; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33808570
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063133 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Potassium (K) deficiency in maize plants damages the nutritional functions of K. However, few studies have investigated the influence of K on C:N:P stoichiometry, the...
Potassium (K) deficiency in maize plants damages the nutritional functions of K. However, few studies have investigated the influence of K on C:N:P stoichiometry, the nutritional efficiency of these nutrients, and whether the mitigating effect of Si in plants under stress could act on these nutritional mechanisms involved with C, N, and P to mitigate K deficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of K deficiency in the absence and presence of Si on N and P uptake, C:N:P stoichiometric homeostasis, nutritional efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and dry matter production of maize plants. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions using a 2 × 2 factorial scheme comprising two K concentrations: potassium deficiency (7.82 mg L) and potassium sufficiency (234.59 mg L). These concentrations were combined with the absence (0.0 mg L) and presence of Si (56.17 mg L), arranged in randomized blocks with five replicates. Potassium deficiency decreased stoichiometric ratios (C:N and C:P) and the plant's C, N, and P accumulation. Furthermore, it decreased the use efficiency of these nutrients, net photosynthesis, and biomass of maize plants. The results showed that Si supply stood out in K-deficient maize plants by increasing the C, N, and P accumulation. Moreover, it decreased stoichiometric ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P, C:Si, N:Si, and P:Si) and increased the efficiencies of uptake, translocation, and use of nutrients, net photosynthesis, and dry matter production of maize plants. Therefore, the low nutritional efficiency of C, N, and P caused by K deficiency in maize plants can be alleviated with the supply of 56.17 mg L of Si in the nutrient solution. It changes C:N:P stoichiometry and favors the use efficiency of these nutrients, which enhances the photosynthesis and sustainability of maize.
Topics: Potassium Deficiency; Silicon; Zea mays; Hypokalemia; Potassium
PubMed: 37805565
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44301-5