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Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental or voluntary (by bioterrorism) reintroduction. Monkeypox and cowpox viruses are considered to be emergent today ; their high risk of dissemination is due to the increase in international transport as well as trends for new animals as pets and the loss of vaccinal protection against smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscipoxvirus) causes mild infections, is particularly frequent in children ; in adults it is a marker of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and can, in cases with profuse lesions, reveal AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 28406414
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653 -
Bacteriological Reviews Mar 1973
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Antiviral Agents; Chick Embryo; Culture Techniques; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Disease Reservoirs; Haplorhini; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Humans; Monkey Diseases; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Smallpox; Virus Replication
PubMed: 4349404
DOI: 10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Aug 2010Viruses encode a variety of mechanisms to evade host immune pathways. Large DNA viruses (herpesviruses and poxviruses) encode proteins that mimic chemokines and... (Review)
Review
Viruses encode a variety of mechanisms to evade host immune pathways. Large DNA viruses (herpesviruses and poxviruses) encode proteins that mimic chemokines and chemokine receptors. Also, some viruses encode secreted proteins that bind chemokines and have structure unrelated to host proteins. Recent research in this area has led to the identification of new viral proteins that modulate the chemokine system, has provided information on the molecular mechanisms leading to interference of chemokine signaling, and has shed light into the function of these proteins in the context of infection. The therapeutic value of these viral proteins to inhibit immune responses that cause pathology has been explored further. Finally, a new family of chemokine binding proteins identified in ticks expands this strategy of immune modulation beyond the virus world.
Topics: Animals; Chemokines; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 20598516
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.06.004 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2023Tanapox is a rarely diagnosed zoonosis known to be endemic to equatorial Africa. All previously reported human cases were acquired within 10° north or south of the...
Tanapox is a rarely diagnosed zoonosis known to be endemic to equatorial Africa. All previously reported human cases were acquired within 10° north or south of the Equator, most recently 19 years ago. We describe a human case of tanapox in South Africa (24° south of the Equator). Expanded surveillance for this pathogen is warranted.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Yatapoxvirus; South Africa; Zoonoses; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 37022936
DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.230326 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2023To investigate animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, we sampled 240 rodents during 2018-2019. Molecular (real-time PCR) and serologic (IgM) evidence indicated...
To investigate animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, we sampled 240 rodents during 2018-2019. Molecular (real-time PCR) and serologic (IgM) evidence indicated orthopoxvirus infections, but presence of monkeypox virus was not confirmed. These results can be used to develop public health interventions to reduce human infection with orthopoxviruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Rodentia; Nigeria; Poxviridae Infections; Monkeypox virus; Orthopoxvirus
PubMed: 36692495
DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221411 -
Viruses Nov 2020Infections that are triggered by the accompanying immunosuppression in patients with burn wounds are very common regardless of age. Among burn patients, the most... (Review)
Review
Infections that are triggered by the accompanying immunosuppression in patients with burn wounds are very common regardless of age. Among burn patients, the most frequently diagnosed infections include the bacterial ones primarily caused by or , as well as fungal infections with the etiology of . or spp. Besides, burn wounds are highly susceptible to viral infections mainly due to the impaired immune responses and defective functions of the immune cells within the wound microenvironment. The most prevalent viruses that invade burn wounds include herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human papilloma virus (HPV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Likewise, less prevalent infections such as those caused by the orf virus or Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) might also occur in immunosuppressed burn patients. Viral infections result in increased morbidity and mortality rates in severely burned patients. Additionally, a positive correlation between the hospitalization duration and the severity of the viral infection has been demonstrated. Viral infections trigger the occurrence of various complications, ranging from mild symptoms to even fatal incidents. Accurate detection of viral infection is of great clinical importance because of the possibility for a quicker introduction of proper treatment therapy and shortening of hospitalization time. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature and summarize the findings regarding the most common viral infections in immunosuppressed burn patients.
Topics: Animals; Burns; Cytomegalovirus; HIV; HIV Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Papillomaviridae; Parapoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Simplexvirus; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 33213058
DOI: 10.3390/v12111315 -
Journal of Virology Jun 2022Poxvirus proteins remodel signaling throughout the cell by targeting host enzymes for inhibition and redirection. Recently, it was discovered that early in infection the...
Poxvirus proteins remodel signaling throughout the cell by targeting host enzymes for inhibition and redirection. Recently, it was discovered that early in infection the vaccinia virus (VACV) B12 pseudokinase copurifies with the cellular kinase VRK1, a proviral factor, in the nucleus. Although the formation of this complex correlates with inhibition of cytoplasmic VACV DNA replication and likely has other downstream signaling consequences, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we further characterize how B12 and VRK1 regulate one another during poxvirus infection. First, we demonstrate that B12 is stabilized in the presence of VRK1 and that VRK1 and B12 coinfluence their respective solubility and subcellular localization. In this regard, we find that B12 promotes VRK1 colocalization with cellular DNA during mitosis and that B12 and VRK1 may be tethered cooperatively to chromatin. Next, we observe that the C-terminal tail of VRK1 is unnecessary for B12-VRK1 complex formation or its proviral activity. Interestingly, we identify a point mutation of B12 capable of abrogating interaction with VRK1 and which renders B12 nonrepressive during infection. Lastly, we investigated the influence of B12 on the host factor BAF and antiviral signaling pathways and find that B12 triggers redistribution of BAF from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In addition, B12 increases DNA-induced innate immune signaling, revealing a new functional consequence of the B12 pseudokinase. Together, this study characterizes the multifaceted roles B12 plays during poxvirus infection that impact VRK1, BAF, and innate immune signaling. Protein pseudokinases comprise a considerable fraction of the human kinome, as well as other forms of life. Recent studies have demonstrated that their lack of key catalytic residues compared to their kinase counterparts does not negate their ability to intersect with molecular signal transduction. While the multifaceted roles pseudokinases can play are known, their contribution to virus infection remains understudied. Here, we further characterize the mechanism of how the VACV B12 pseudokinase and human VRK1 kinase regulate one another in the nucleus during poxvirus infection and inhibit VACV DNA replication. We find that B12 disrupts regulation of VRK1 and its downstream target BAF, while also enhancing DNA-dependent innate immune signaling. Combined with previous data, these studies contribute to the growing field of nuclear pathways targeted by poxviruses and provide evidence of unexplored roles of B12 in the activation of antiviral immunity.
Topics: DNA; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Phosphorylation; Poxviridae Infections; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Signal Transduction; Vaccinia; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 35543552
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00398-22 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Apr 2000Because they were the largest of all viruses and could be visualised with a light microscope, the poxviruses were the first viruses to be intensively studied in the... (Review)
Review
Because they were the largest of all viruses and could be visualised with a light microscope, the poxviruses were the first viruses to be intensively studied in the laboratory. It was clear from an early date that they caused important diseases of humans and their domestic animals, such as smallpox, cowpox, camelpox, sheeppox, fowlpox and goatpox. This essay recounts some of the early history of their recognition and classification and then expands on aspects of research on poxviruses in which the author has been involved. Studies on the best-known genus, Orthopoxvirus, relate to the use of infectious ectromelia of mice as a model for smallpox, embracing both experimental epidemiology and pathogenesis, studies on the genetics of vaccinia virus and the problem of non-genetic reactivation (previously termed 'transformation') and the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox. The other group of poxviruses described here, the genus Leporipoxvirus, came to prominence when the myxoma virus was used for the biological control of Australian wild rabbits. This provided a unique natural experiment on the coevolution of a virus and its host. Future research will include further studies of the many immunomodulatory genes found in all poxviruses of vertebrates, since these provide clues about the workings of the immune system and how viruses have evolved to evade it. Some of the many recombinant poxvirus constructs currently being studied may come into use as vaccines or for immunocontraception. A field that warrants study but will probably remain neglected is the natural history of skunkpox, raccoonpox, taterapox, yabapox, tanapox and other little-known poxviruses. A dismal prospect is the possible use of smallpox virus for bioterrorism.
Topics: Animals; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mice; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Rabbits; Research; Vertebrates
PubMed: 10717311
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-6445(00)00027-9 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Mar 2021Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to...
BACKGROUND
Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to livestock and contribute to huge economic losses. Goatpox and sheeppox are endemic to Africa, particularly north of the Equator, the Middle East and many parts of Asia. GTPV and sheeppox virus are considered host-specific; however, both strains can cause clinical disease in either goats or sheep with more severe disease in the homologous species and mild or sub-clinical infection in the other. Goatpox has never been reported in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia despite the huge population of goats living in proximity with sheep in those countries. To evaluate the susceptibility and pathogenicity of indigenous North African goats to GTPV infection, we experimentally inoculated eight locally bred goats with a virulent Vietnamese isolate of GTPV. Two uninfected goats were kept as controls. Clinical examination was carried out daily and blood was sampled for virology and for investigating the antibody response. After necropsy, tissues were collected and assessed for viral DNA using real-time PCR.
RESULTS
Following the experimental infection, all inoculated goats displayed clinical signs characteristic of goatpox including varying degrees of hyperthermia, loss of appetite, inactivity and cutaneous lesions. The infection severely affected three of the infected animals while moderate to mild disease was noticed in the remaining goats. A high antibody response was developed. High viral DNA loads were detected in skin crusts and nodules, and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 14.6 to 22.9, while lower viral loads were found in liver and lung (Ct = 35.7 and 35.1). The results confirmed subcutaneous tropism of the virus.
CONCLUSION
Clinical signs of goatpox were reproduced in indigenous North African goats and confirmed a high susceptibility of the North African goat breed to GTPV infection. A clinical scoring system is proposed that can be applied in GTPV vaccine efficacy studies.
Topics: Africa, Northern; Animals; Capripoxvirus; Goat Diseases; Goats; Male; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 33663573
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00574-2 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1980Increasing attention has been given to human monkeypox since the achievement of global smallpox eradication. Monkeypox, which was first described in Central Africa in...
Increasing attention has been given to human monkeypox since the achievement of global smallpox eradication. Monkeypox, which was first described in Central Africa in 1970, resembles smallpox clinically but differs from it epidemiologically. Forty-seven cases of human monkeypox have occurred since 1970 in 5 Central and West African countries; 38 of these cases have been reported from Zaire. The evolution of the illness and the sequelae of monkeypox and smallpox are the same; monkeypox has a case-fatality rate of about 17%. Children below 10 years of age comprise 83% of the cases. All cases have occurred in tropical rainforest areas and clustering of cases has been observed in certain zones within countries and within families. Person-to-person spread may have occurred in 4 cases; the secondary attack rate among susceptible, very close family members was 7.5% (3 cases/40 contacts) and among all susceptible contacts was 3.3% (4 cases/123 contacts)-much lower than the 25-40% secondary attack rate that occurs with smallpox. Although the low transmission rate and the low frequency of disease indicate that monkeypox is not a public health problem, more data are needed.Whilst many animals near human monkeypox cases have been demonstrated to have orthopoxvirus antibodies, the natural reservoir(s) and the vector(s) of monkeypox virus are unknown. Studies are in progress to identify the natural cycle of monkeypox virus and to define better the clinical and epidemiological features of this disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Central; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Monkeypox virus; Population Surveillance; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 6249508
DOI: No ID Found